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Biology - BY5 > Plant Reproduction > Flashcards

Plant Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Label the parts of this flower.

A
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2
Q

Where is pollen produced?

A

By the anther.

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3
Q

What is the pedicel?

A

It is the flower stalk

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4
Q

What is the function of the sepal?

A

It protects the flower in bud.

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5
Q

What does the nectary do?

A

Secretes Sucrose

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6
Q

Define Pollination.

A

This is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma.

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7
Q

How may pollination occur?

A

This occurs by either using insects or wind and this controls many aspects of flower structure and appearance.

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8
Q

Give examples of wind pollinated plants.

A

Grasses e.g wheat, rice and cereal grains.

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9
Q

Outline the adaptions of grasses for wind pollination.

A

In these plants the anthers and stigmas are found outside the flower. The stigmas are feathery to catch pollen in the air. The anthers are large and mobile and produce large quantities of pollen.

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10
Q

Complete this diagram outlining grass structure

A
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11
Q

Why is it beneficial for a flower to have both stamens and carples?

A

Plants can’t move, which makes this useful because it allows plants to self pollinate if necessary.

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12
Q

Why is self pollination not the preffered method of reproduction in plants?

A

Because self pollination reduces the amount of genetic variation and so various methods of cross pollination have been developed.

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13
Q

How do plants avoid self pollination?

A

Anthers and stigmas may develop at different times and in some plants seperate sexes are seen. Also different arrangments of the anthers and stigmas can help avoid self pollination e.g in primrose flowers.

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14
Q

What are the two different types of arrangment of stigmas and anthers seen in primroses?

A

Pin eyed and thrum,eyed.

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15
Q

What does having bothe pin eyed and thrum eyed flowers acheive?

A

It helps control the occurance of self pollination.

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16
Q

What is another name for a pollen grain?

A

Micro-spore.

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17
Q

Label this diagram of a pollen grain.

A
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18
Q

Are the generative and and pollen tube nucleus haploid or diploid?

A

haploid - n

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19
Q

What happens once pollination has occured?

A

Th pollen grain begins to swell due to uptake of water by osmosis and a pollen tube emerges from the pollen grain and begins digesting the tissue of the stigma style.

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20
Q

Which nucleus enters the pollen tube first?

A

The pollen tube nucleus. This is followed by the generative nucleus.

21
Q

What happens as the gernerative nucleus enters the pollen tube?

A

The generative nucleus undergoes mitosis, producing two male, haploid nuclei.

22
Q

Label this diagram of a plant ovule.

A
23
Q

What is the function of the funicle?

A

It connects the ovule to the ovary wall which coccoons it

24
Q

When does fertilisation begin?

A

When the pollen tube enters the embryo sac through the micropyle.

25
Q

What happens to the pollen tube nucleus after the embryo sack is breached?

A

It vanishes.

26
Q

What happens once the embryo sack has been penetrated by the pollen tube?

A

One male nucleus fuses with the egg cell to create a diploid zygote and the second fuses with the two polar nuclei to form a single triploid nucleus.

27
Q

How does the zygote now develop and through what process is this development acheived?

A

The zygote now undergoes mitosis and begins to develop into an embryo with a young shoot and a young root at opposite ends.

28
Q

What is the name of the young shoot of the plant embryo?

A

Plumule.

29
Q

WHat is the name of the young root at the other end of the embryo?

A

The radical.

30
Q

What is the name of the newly created triploid nucleus?

A

The endosperm nucleus.

31
Q

What happens after the formation of the endosperm nucleus?

A

The endosperm nucleus now becomes an endosperm cell.

32
Q

What Does the endosperm cell do?

A

This truploid cell undergoes vary rapid mitosis to create a rapidly growing mass of endosperm tissue in the centre of the embryo sack.

33
Q

What is the function of the endosperm tissue?

A

This acts as a food reserve for the embryo.

34
Q

What is a seed?

A

A dormant dispersal structure developed for dispersal of the embryo on land.

35
Q

From what plant structure does a seed develop?

A

Each seed develops from one fertilised ovule.

36
Q

What are the three main parts of a seed?

A
  1. A seed coat
  2. One or two Cotyledons
  3. An embryo
37
Q

Outline the structure of the seed coat (testa)

A

This develops from the integuments of the ovule. It is a tough, waterproof coating.

38
Q

What are cotyledons?

A

These are large food stores.

39
Q

What is a fruit?

A

This is a protective seed dispersal structure developed from the outer wall of the embryo called the pericap.

40
Q

How does a fruit develop?

A

Fruit develop from the pericarp of the embryo. Seeds are contained within the pericarp which becomes either dry or succulent depending on the dispersal mechanism.

41
Q

How is dispersal acheived by dry fruit?

A

They are explosive and disperse using wind.

42
Q

How is dispersal acheived by succulent fruit?

A

They use animal dispersal. i.e they are eaten and then seeds are excreted.

43
Q

What are the two types of germination?

A
  1. Hypogeal e.g broad beans
  2. Epigeal e.g sunflower seeds.
44
Q

What is hypogeal germination?

A

In hypogeal germination the cotyledons remain below the ground and provide a food reserve. In this case the plumule is the first photosynthetic structure. These are large heavy seeds

45
Q

What is epigeal germination?

A

In this case the cotyledons (which are capable pf photosynthesis) emerge above ground first and are called seed leaves.

46
Q

What conditions (in general does germination require?)

A

Germination requires water, a temprature between 5oC and 40oC and oxygen.

47
Q

Outline the process of germination.

A
  1. Water is taken up through the micropyle
  2. The seed wall swells and the testa breaks open (this is the point of germination)
  3. Water mobilises hormones stored beneath the testa.
  4. These hormones are the signal for enzymes to become activated.
  5. These hydrolytic enzymes create soluble monomers from insoluble polymers (i.e food reserves are mobilised.
  6. Oxygen and glucose are used to generate A.T.P which drives meatabolic rates upward (growth speeds up).
48
Q

label this diagram of a seed.

A

Biology - BY5 (7 decks)

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