Plant reproduction

Question 1

What are the two types of reproduction?

Answer 1

asexual
sexual

Question 2

What does asexual reproduction produce?

Answer 2

genetically identical offspring (clones)

Question 3

What does sexual reproduction produce?

Answer 3

genetically varied offspring

Question 4

How many parent cells in asexual reproduction?

Answer 4

1

Question 5

How many parent cells in sexual reproduction?

Answer 5

2

Question 6

Does asexual reproduction use mitosis or meiosis?

Answer 6

Mitosis

Question 7

Does sexual reproduction use mitosis or meiosis?

Answer 7

Meiosis

Question 8

What are specialised sex cells called?

Answer 8

gametes

Question 9

What are 3 examples of asexual reproduction in plants?

Answer 9

Runners
Tubers
Bulbs

Question 10

Name an artificial method for growing plants

Answer 10

Cuttings

Question 11

What is the method for runners?

Answer 11

A new plant is produced where the runner touches the ground

Question 12

What is the method for tubers?

Answer 12

Swollen underground stems containing lots of stored food. One plant can produce many tubers which can each grow many shoots which form new plants.

Question 13

What is the method for bulbs?

Answer 13

Underground buds with thick fleshy leaves containing stored food. A main shoot will grow out of the parent bulb and another will grow from the daughter bulb forming two plants.

Question 14

What are the simple steps of sexual plant reproduction?

Answer 14

Gamete formation
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed and fruit formation
Seed dispersal
Germination

Question 15

What is the male part of the flower called?

Answer 15

Stamen

Question 16

What does the stamen include?

Answer 16

the anther and the filament

Question 17

What is the female part of the flower called?

Answer 17

Carpel

Question 18

What does the carpel include?

Answer 18

Stigma
Style
Ovary

Question 19

What is the ova?

Answer 19

The gamete produced in the ovules found in the ovary.

Question 20

What is cross-pollination?

Answer 20

The transfer of pollination from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on another plant.

Question 21

How are some plants adapted for insect pollination?

Answer 21

1. They have brightly coloured petals and scented flowers and nectaries to attract insects
2. The stigma is sticky so that any pollen picked up by insects will stick to it
3. The pollen grains are sticky so that they stick to insects as they go from plant to plant

Question 22

How are some plants adapted for wind pollination?

Answer 22

1. small, dull petals
2. no nectaries or strong scents
3. a lot of small and light pollen grains that can easily be carried by the wind
4. long filaments that hang the anthers outside the flower so pollen is blown away
5. a large and feathery stigma to catch pollen

Question 23

Describe the process of fertilisation.

Answer 23

1. pollen grains deposited onto stigma
2. pollen grain grows a pollen tube which grows down through the style
3. enzymes are secreted at the tip of the tube which digest the tissues of the style
4. when the tube reaches an ovule the male gamete travels through the tube entering the ovule through a small hole called the micropyle
5. it then fuses with the female gamete in fertilisation
6. the fertilised ovum divides by mitosis to form the embryo
7. the ovule develops into the seed and the ovary develops into the fruit

Question 24

Describe the process of fruit formation

Answer 24

1. The zygote develops into an embryonic plant with a small root (radicle) and shoot (plumule)
2. The other contents of the ovule develop into cotyledons which will be a food store for the young plant when it germinates
3. the ovule wall becomes the seed coat, or testa
4. the ovary wall becomes the fruit coat

Question 25

What three factors are needed for germination?

Answer 25

Water Oxygen Warmth

Question 26

Why is water needed for germination?

Answer 26

To activate the enzymes that break down the food reserves in the seed.

Question 27

Why is oxygen needed for germination?

Answer 27

For respiration, which transfers the energy from food for growth

Question 28

Why is warmth needed for germination?

Answer 28

For the enzymes inside the seed to work

Question 29

How do germinating seeds get energy?

Answer 29

They use enzymes to break down carbohydrate stores which are then used as a fuel in respiration to release energy.

Question 30

Describe the method for an experiment to do with investigating the conditions needed for germination.

Answer 30

- cress seeds are added to cotton wool in 5 test tubes A-E. - Tube A is put in a fridge and the rest on a windowsill - In tube C, the cotton wall is moistened with boiled water and an oxygen absorber such as sodium pyrogallol is added - Tube E wrapped in foil - The cotton wool in Tube B is kept dry - Tube D has all conditions present

Question 31

What would happen in the tube with oxygen present in a warm condition with moist cotton wool?

Answer 31

The seeds would germinate

Question 32

What would happen in the tube with oxygen present, moist cotton wool in cold conditions?

Answer 32

The seeds would not germinate

Question 33

What would happen in the test tube with no oxygen, in warm conditions with moist cotton wool?

Answer 33

The seeds would not germinate

Question 34

What would happen in the test tube with oxygen present, dry cotton wool in warm conditions?

Answer 34

The seeds would not germinate

Question 35

What would happen in the test tube with oxygen present, no light, moist cotton wool and warm conditions?

Answer 35

The seeds would still germinate because light is not a condition needed for germination to occur.

Question 36

How can cuttings be used to clone plants? (artificial method)

Answer 36

1. gardeners can take cuttings from good parent plants, and then plant them to produce genetically identical copies 2. these plants can be produced quickly and cheaply