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Biology 🧬 > Plant reproduction > Flashcards

Plant reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two types of reproduction?

A

asexual
sexual

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2
Q

What does asexual reproduction produce?

A

genetically identical offspring (clones)

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3
Q

What does sexual reproduction produce?

A

genetically varied offspring

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4
Q

How many parent cells in asexual reproduction?

A

1

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5
Q

How many parent cells in sexual reproduction?

A

2

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6
Q

Does asexual reproduction use mitosis or meiosis?

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

Does sexual reproduction use mitosis or meiosis?

A

Meiosis

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8
Q

What are specialised sex cells called?

A

gametes

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9
Q

What are 3 examples of asexual reproduction in plants?

A

Runners
Tubers
Bulbs

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10
Q

Name an artificial method for growing plants

A

Cuttings

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11
Q

What is the method for runners?

A

A new plant is produced where the runner touches the ground

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12
Q

What is the method for tubers?

A

Swollen underground stems containing lots of stored food. One plant can produce many tubers which can each grow many shoots which form new plants.

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13
Q

What is the method for bulbs?

A

Underground buds with thick fleshy leaves containing stored food. A main shoot will grow out of the parent bulb and another will grow from the daughter bulb forming two plants.

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14
Q

What are the simple steps of sexual plant reproduction?

A

Gamete formation
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed and fruit formation
Seed dispersal
Germination

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15
Q

What is the male part of the flower called?

A

Stamen

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16
Q

What does the stamen include?

A

the anther and the filament

17
Q

What is the female part of the flower called?

A

Carpel

18
Q

What does the carpel include?

A

Stigma
Style
Ovary

19
Q

What is the ova?

A

The gamete produced in the ovules found in the ovary.

20
Q

What is cross-pollination?

A

The transfer of pollination from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on another plant.

21
Q

How are some plants adapted for insect pollination?

A
  1. They have brightly coloured petals and scented flowers and nectaries to attract insects
  2. The stigma is sticky so that any pollen picked up by insects will stick to it
  3. The pollen grains are sticky so that they stick to insects as they go from plant to plant
22
Q

How are some plants adapted for wind pollination?

A
  1. small, dull petals
  2. no nectaries or strong scents
  3. a lot of small and light pollen grains that can easily be carried by the wind
  4. long filaments that hang the anthers outside the flower so pollen is blown away
  5. a large and feathery stigma to catch pollen
23
Q

Describe the process of fertilisation.

A
  1. pollen grains deposited onto stigma
  2. pollen grain grows a pollen tube which grows down through the style
  3. enzymes are secreted at the tip of the tube which digest the tissues of the style
  4. when the tube reaches an ovule the male gamete travels through the tube entering the ovule through a small hole called the micropyle
  5. it then fuses with the female gamete in fertilisation
  6. the fertilised ovum divides by mitosis to form the embryo
  7. the ovule develops into the seed and the ovary develops into the fruit
24
Q

Describe the process of fruit formation

A
  1. The zygote develops into an embryonic plant with a small root (radicle) and shoot (plumule)
  2. The other contents of the ovule develop into cotyledons which will be a food store for the young plant when it germinates
  3. the ovule wall becomes the seed coat, or testa
  4. the ovary wall becomes the fruit coat
25
Q

What three factors are needed for germination?

A

Water
Oxygen
Warmth

26
Q

Why is water needed for germination?

A

To activate the enzymes that break down the food reserves in the seed.

27
Q

Why is oxygen needed for germination?

A

For respiration, which transfers the energy from food for growth

28
Q

Why is warmth needed for germination?

A

For the enzymes inside the seed to work

29
Q

How do germinating seeds get energy?

A

They use enzymes to break down carbohydrate stores which are then used as a fuel in respiration to release energy.

30
Q

Describe the method for an experiment to do with investigating the conditions needed for germination.

A
  • cress seeds are added to cotton wool in 5 test tubes A-E.
  • Tube A is put in a fridge and the rest on a windowsill
  • In tube C, the cotton wall is moistened with boiled water and an oxygen absorber such as sodium pyrogallol is added
  • Tube E wrapped in foil
  • The cotton wool in Tube B is kept dry
  • Tube D has all conditions present
31
Q

What would happen in the tube with oxygen present in a warm condition with moist cotton wool?

A

The seeds would germinate

32
Q

What would happen in the tube with oxygen present, moist cotton wool in cold conditions?

A

The seeds would not germinate

33
Q

What would happen in the test tube with no oxygen, in warm conditions with moist cotton wool?

A

The seeds would not germinate

34
Q

What would happen in the test tube with oxygen present, dry cotton wool in warm conditions?

A

The seeds would not germinate

35
Q

What would happen in the test tube with oxygen present, no light, moist cotton wool and warm conditions?

A

The seeds would still germinate because light is not a condition needed for germination to occur.

36
Q

How can cuttings be used to clone plants? (artificial method)

A
  1. gardeners can take cuttings from good parent plants, and then plant them to produce genetically identical copies
  2. these plants can be produced quickly and cheaply

Biology 🧬 (13 decks)

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