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BIOS 1108 Module 2 > Plant Reproduction > Flashcards

Plant Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

both haploid and diploid multicellular stages

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2
Q

gametophyte

A

HAPLOID and makes gametes through mitosis

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3
Q

sporophytes

A

DIPLOID and makes spores through meiosis

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4
Q

Gametes vs Spore

A

gametes: maature haploid germ cell that can unite with opposite sex to form a zygote = always haploid
spore: a minute, one-celled reproductive unit that can make a new individual without sexual fusion = usually haploid

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5
Q

byrophytes

A

seedless non-vascular plants
- haploid gametophyte is larger than the sporophyte - gametophyte dominated!

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6
Q

seedless vascular plants

A

sporophyte is larger than the gametophyte BUT the gametophyte is independent of the diploid sprophyte

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7
Q

angiosperms and gymnosperms

A

sporophyte-dominant
angiosperms have flowers, fruit-covered seeds, double fertilization
gymnosperms - no flowers, “naked” seeds, no double fertilization

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8
Q

flowers, fruits, double fertilization

A

flowers attract pollinators
fruits facilitate seed dispersal
double fertilization - invest resources for nourishment of developing embryo

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9
Q

sepals

A

outermost layer; green, leafy structure, protect flower bud before it opens

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10
Q

petals

A

next outer layer, brightly colored to attract pollinators

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11
Q

stamens

A

male reproductive structures
- anthers, filaments, microsporangia, microspores

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12
Q

carpel

A

innermost layer of the female reproductive structures
- stigma, style, ovary, megasporangia, megaspores

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13
Q

anthers

A

hold the microsporangia

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14
Q

filaments

A

support the anthers

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15
Q

microsporangia and microspores

A

microsporangia are structures that produce microspores which develop into male gametophytes; microsporangium are pollen sacs where microspores develop into pollen grains

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16
Q

stigma

A

location where pollen (male gametophyte) is deposited

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17
Q

style

A

connects the stigma to the ovary

18
Q

ovary

A

holds the megasporangia

19
Q

megasporangia and megaspores

A

structures that produce megaspores which develop into female gametophytes

20
Q

male gametophyte in angiosperms and gymnosperms

A

pollen - multiceullar, haploid stage that PRODUCES the sperm; protects against dessication of sperm = reproduce away from water!

21
Q

microspores

A

haploid from a diploid cell. mother diploid microspore devides by meiosis and makes 4 microspores - each one will form a pollen grain through mitosis?
with maturity - microsporangia burst and releases pollen grains to be transported to stigmas by environmental factors

22
Q

embryo sac

A

female gametophyte

23
Q

development of embryo sac
polar nuclei
triploid endosperm
micropyle
antipodal cells
egg cell
synergid cells

A
  1. single ccell in the diploid megasporangium undergoes meiosis to make 4 megaspores: only one haploid megaspore survives
  2. megaspore undergoes mitosis without complete cell division (8 nuclei 7 cells)
    two nuclei (polar nuclei) in the center form a single diploid central cell -> fuses with a sperm to make triploid endosperm which will provide nourishment to developing embryo (like animal yolk)
    micropyle: site where sperm enter the embryo sac
    antipodal cells: 3 nuceli developed into this which will degeerate for nutriets to the embryosac
    egg cell: nucleus closest to micropyle
    synergid cells: two other adjacent nuclei that help guid pollen tube for successful fertilization
24
Q

integument

A

structure that protects the megasporangium and later embryo sac; develops into the seed coat after fertilization and protects the entire seed

25
Q

why are seeds important

A

reproduction away from water!

26
Q

micropyle

A

opening that allows the pollen tube to enter the female gametophyte for fertilization

27
Q

fruit

A

ovule wall will become part of the fruit

28
Q

double fertilization

A

unique to angiosperms out of all plants and organisms!
-when pollen is deposited in stigma it will ferminate and grow through the style to reach ovule and are guided to micropyle - the generative cell divdes mitosis to get 2 sperm cells: one fertilizes and makes the diploid zygote the other fusues with the polar 2 nuclei and forms the triploid endosperm for nutrition for the embryo

29
Q

after fertilization
ovule and ovary?

A

no other sperm can enter
fertilized ovule - seed
ovary - fruit!

30
Q

apical cell and basal cell

A

after fertilization, zygote enters temporary development - divides into upper and lower cell
basal cell - suspensor: makes connection with maternal tissue and will provide a route for nutrition to be transported from th mother plant to the growing embryo (similar to placental umbilical cord)
apical cell - proembryo that will actyally develop into a plant
endosperm - accumulates starches, lipids,proteins and nourishes the developing cotyledons
THEN the seed loses up to 95% if uts water and development is suspended

31
Q

cotyledons

A

embryonic leaves, energy storage for later embryo development

32
Q

dormancy

A

seed enters this period of suspended development for dispersal and ideal conditions to grow - growth resumes when the seed germinates: developing seedling rely on food reserves of cotyledons until first leaves start photosynthesizing;
period of stasis or inactivity, 95% loss in water - low metabolism and concentration of sugars - can last months, years, centuries

33
Q

self-pollinate vs cross-polinating

A

pollen from the anther is deposited on the stigma of the same flower or another flower of the same plant – self-pollination is less energy consuming but less genetic diversity
cross-polinnation: whole different individual

34
Q

evolution of avoiding self-pollination

A

pollen and ovary maturing at different times
-physical features like different lengths in stigma and anther
-male and female flowers on different parts of the plant
-each plant only having male only or female only gametophytes so different plants have different flowers
-“incompatible genes” prevent pollen from germinating into the stigma

35
Q

pollination syndromes - the ways diffrent plant species are pollinated

A

animals, wind, water
plants pollinated by animals usually have nectar to attract animals or extra pollen; plants with wind or water must have massive amounts of pollen

36
Q

birds

A

active during the day, visual stimuli - brightly colored, odorless flowers; usually curved/tubular shape for beak

37
Q

bees butterflies wasps and flies

A

active during the day, visual and olfactory stimuli - strong sense of smell
flies like rotting smells; even additional colors of in UV range outside of humans
sweet smells for bees and butterflies

38
Q

moths and bats

A

active at night; visual and olfactory stimuli - white or pale,colored, highly scented; bats like larger flowers

39
Q

germination

A

reinitiating development; signals indicate favorable conditions for growth

40
Q

germination factors: water, specific wavelengths of light, sustained period of cold, fire, scarification

A

water - start of rainy season and rehydration of seed
light - favorable sunlight conditions and seed is not too far under the soil
cold - seed does not germinate until the cold season is over
fire - reduced competition from taller trees
scarification - chemical treatment with acids, seed has passed through digestive tract of an animal?

41
Q

fruit develops from and its purpose

A

the ovary; for seed dispersal - can find favorable and less compeititve conditions

42
Q

fruit dispersal methods (4)

A

propulsion: explode out of the plant (violets
wind: lightweight, wing or parachute like appendages (dandelions)
water: coconuts, light buoyant to float
animal: tiny “hooks” to attach to passing animals OR very sweet and fatty so that it will be eaten and deposited in new location (sandburs, blackberries); birds disperse brightly colored fruits and mammals disperse highly scented fruits because better sense of smell

BIOS 1108 Module 2 (5 decks)

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