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BIOS 1108 Module 2 > Animal Reproductive Strategies and Structures > Flashcards

Animal Reproductive Strategies and Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Internal Fertilization

A

occurs inside the body of the female
-mostly land-based animals

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2
Q

3 ways to reproduce with internal fertilization

A
  • fertilized eggs are laid outside the female’s body and receives nourishment from the yolk (most bony fish, reptiles, all birds, amphibians, and 2 mammals)
  • fertilized eggs are inside the female’s body but the embryo receives nourishment from egg’s yolk and are fully developed when hatched
    -retained inside the female, receives nourishment from the mother’s blood through a placenta - offspring develops in the female and is born alive (most mammals)
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3
Q

External Fertilization

A

occurs outside the body of the female
-usually occurs in aquatic environment where eggs and sperms released in water (spawning)

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4
Q

How do we get sperms and eggs to be released at same time and location

A
  • environmental cues or biological (pheromones) cues with massed together animals
    -amphibians: males will induce female to release the eggs for male to release the sperm on
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5
Q

Adaptations and Biological Fitness

A

anything that increases an individual’s reproductive success
– occur without conscious thought or individual intention
-Biological fitness: reproductive success relative to others in the population
– SURVIVING offspring who can reproduce as well?
examples of adaptaion for maxing biological fitness:
parental investment, direct and indirect male compeitition

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6
Q

Sexual Selection

A

results from one sex (or both) selects specific individuals to mate with
- type of natural selection where one sex has a preference for certain characteristics in individuals of the other success - leads to increased reproductive success of that particular characteristic

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7
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A

sexual dimorphism
exaggerated or showy traits that are associated with mating behaviors and reproductive success
ex. breasts, tails, headpieces, etc

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8
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

distinct differences in size or appearance between males and females

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9
Q

Why are females more likely to be “choosy” when selecting a mating partner

A

females invest more in offspring than males do - females have limited num of eggs while males basically have unlimited sperm: females must be choosy because they don’t want to waste their energy or time
- females maximizes reproductive success by choosing the best male and males maximize success by mating with as many females as possible
- SO females are often the sex that sexually selects traits in males - males compete with each other for access to females or a specific female

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10
Q

parental investment

A

any energy, effort, or resource that a parent provides to increase the offspring’s chances of survival AT THE COST of investing in other offspring
-providing energy and nutrients

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11
Q

Direct Male Competition (intrasexual selection)

A

occurs when females mate only with a single male - the winner
ex:
male-male aggression, courtship rituals, lekking

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12
Q

male-male aggression

A

males fight with each other for access to females

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13
Q

courtship rituals and Lekking

A

males engage in “dances” or displays for females
Lekking: special form where many males gather together in one and “display” at the same time, allowing the females to choose among them

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14
Q

female choice or intersexual selection

A

selection of the “best” male by females
-intersexual and intrasexual selection can lead to selection for more “showy” traits even if it decreases its chances of survival because it will improve biological fitness

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15
Q

good genes hypothesis

A

idea that sexually-selected, show male traits are “honest indicators” of good genetic quality

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16
Q

Indirect Male Competition or Sperm Competition

A

after mating has already occured: one male is more successful than another at fertilizing female’s eggs
- if female mates with more than one male, then the more successful one will fertilize more eggs, have more offspring, and increase the trait
-first male vs second male advantage!!

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17
Q

mate guarding

A

first male advantage
male remaining close to female after mating, prevent other males from mating with her until there is time for his sperm to fertilize the eggs

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18
Q

copulatory plugs

A

first male
- leaves a sticky residue which blocks the entry into the female reproductive tract so that other males can’t mate

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19
Q

Second Male Advantage examples

A

elaborate penis morphology to help remove previous males’ sperms
large ejaculation volume and large testes to flush out previous sperm

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20
Q

cryptic female choice

A

female can preferentially use sperm from a specific male even if she mated with multiple males based on female anatomy

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21
Q

when is there competition in males (internal vs external!)

A

usually both internal and external fertilization! females can control when the eggs are released so males must compete

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22
Q

monogamous systems

A

one male and one female are paired for at least one breeding season
- can last a lifetime
- “male-assistance hypothesis” with a male’s help to guard and rear young, healthier offspring!
- environments with widely scattered resources! need both parents

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23
Q

true monogamy (sexual monogamy) vs social monogamy

A

true: both partners mate only with each other - rare!
social: two individuals partner together to rear offspring BUT also engage in “extra pair” copulations
— helps both males and females because increases survival of who they raise while also being able to mate with others: males might be taking care of those not his own and females might be abandoned if found out she mated with another

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24
Q

polygamy - polygyny vs polyandry

A

polygyny - many females, one male, females take care of children, harem mating with alpha males, lek systems - females choose their favorite male from lekking
polyandry - one female with multiple males, rare because sex role reversal, males investing more; females competition with each other to access males

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25
Q

promiscuous

A

multiple females with multiple males
-no possible monopoly like in large social groups or the females range more widely than territory size of a single male

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26
Q

Competition for mates influence mating systems and vice versa
ADD LECTURE NOTES

A

ALWAYs competition for fertilization except in true monogamy (and promiscuous?)

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27
Q

Spermatheca

A

some invertebrates have this specialized sac that stores sperm for later use (up to a year); timed fertilization with optimal conditions

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28
Q

Cloaca

A

non-mammal vertebrates liek birds and reptiles can have a single opening which functions in the digestive, excretory, reproductive systems

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29
Q

Ovary

A

where ovum/eggs mature

30
Q

Testes

A

where males produce sperms in humans

31
Q

Epididymis

A

where sperm is stored until ejaculation

32
Q

Sperm

A

small, mobile, low-cost, high numbers

33
Q

Ovum

A

female eggs, typically large

34
Q

Uterine Tubes

A

when eggs are released from the ovary, where they travel for fertilization or are released in the aquaeous environment
-oviducts and fallopian tubes

35
Q

Uterus

A

mammals have separate openings in the female; placental mammals have this for supporting offspring; can have one or two chambers depending on how much offspring is reproduced

36
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

hormones released by the hypothalamus to the anterior pituary which releases FSH and LH into the blood that are used in both regulation of male and female reproduction

37
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone

A

during pubertyproduced by the pituary gland - stimulate the ovaries to produce female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone;
FSH - stimulates development of egg cells that develop in follicles in the ovaries
LH - promotes development and maturation of eggs and induction of ovulation

38
Q

Estrogen and Progesterone

A

female sex hormones that results in development of secondary sex characteristics (breasts) and causes ovaries to produce mature eggs;
Estrogen assists in ovulation and regrowing of the lining of the uterus and secondary characteristics
Progesterone: endometrial re-growth and inhibition of FSH and LH release

39
Q

Ovaries

A

produces and develops eggs

40
Q

Oviducts

A

transports egg to uterus, acts as site of fertilization; not connected directly to ovaries

41
Q

Uterus

A

supports a developing embryo

42
Q

Vagina

A

receives penis during intercourse, acts as birth canal, passes menstrual flow

43
Q

cervix

A

allows passage between uterus and vagina

44
Q

breasts

A

milk

45
Q

follicles

A

where egg development occurs
lined with follucular cells that surround the egg and promote development
-during menstrual cycle, a batch of these cells develop and prepares eggs for release
at ovulation, one follucle ruptures and one egg is released

46
Q

corpus luteum

A

ruptured follicle that remains in the ovary: secretes hormones that prevent menstruation until the egg has had time to be fertilization
if fertilization and implanatation of uterine wall occurs - corpus luteum continues preventing menstruation; else it degenerates and menstruation occurs

47
Q

Oogenesis

A

producing an egg cell, occurs in the ovaries;
begins when female is still an embryo undergoing development - oocytes begin process of meiosis and pause during meiosis prophase I

48
Q

oogonia

A

egg stem cells
-divide by mitosis to produce 2 million oocytes (precursors to egg)

49
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia doesn’t begin producing spermatocytes until the male hits puberty

50
Q

Process to egg maturation

A
  1. FSH and LH cause some of the follicles to begin developing and oocyte in the follicle finish first meiotic division
  2. oocyte pauses again at metaphase 2 (is this when it matures?)
  3. while several follicles are activated during each cycle, only one will release an oocyte which begins traveling through the oviduct where it is still paused/arrested
  4. if fertilized, it finishes meiosis I and undergoes unequal cytokinesis to make an embryo/zygote and another polar body else it degrades without completing meiosis II
51
Q

Ovarian vs menstrual Cycle

A

ovarian governs the preparation of endocrine tissues and release of eggs while menstrual governs the preparation and maintenance of the uterine lining

52
Q

follicular phase

A

slowly rising levels of FSh and LH: growth of follicles - preparing egg for ovulation
-estrogen levels increase over the course of the follicular phase
-menstrual cycle: menstrual flow occurs at the beginning when estrogen levels are low - rising estrogen cause endometrium to replace the blood vessels and glands that deteriorated during the end of the last cycle

53
Q

ovulation

A

right before the middle of the cycle: highest level of estrogen causes FSh and LH to peak rapidyly then fall - follicles that didn’t rupture degenerate and eggs are lost; level of estrogen decreases when the extra follicles degenerate

54
Q

Luteal phase of Ovarian and secretory phase of menstrual cycle

A

corpus luteum forms which produces estrogen and progesterone: progesterone facilitates the regrowth of the uterine lining and inhibits future LH and FSH, preventing further eggs and follicles; uterus is prepared to accept a fertilized egg; estrogen increases and enhances the effects of progesterone

55
Q

Fertilized vs unfertilized egg in the ovarian/menstrual cycle

A

takes 7 days for egg to travel to the uterus
no fertilized: corpus luteum degerneates, estrogen and progesterone decrease, endometrium degenerates when progesterone decreases leading to the next menstrual cycle: GnRH starts releasing FSH and LH again and cycle restarts
fertilized egg: embryo produces a hormone that maintains the corpus luteum so still high progesterone and menstrual cycle is arrested for rest of pregnacy

56
Q

testicals/testes in scrotum

A

produces sperm and some reproductive hormones;

57
Q

Sperm and temperature

A

body temp: immobile
scrotum and penis are external to body so that proper temp is maintained for motility
- sperm are warmed to body temp when it enters the female reproductive tract - gives them a burst in swimming activity before losing motility after several hours

58
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

where sperm are produced inside the testes

59
Q

Sertoli cells and cells of Leydig

A

Sertoli: “nursemaid” cells that protect germ cells and promote development
Leydig: produce high levels of testosterone when ale reaches adolescence and regulate sperm development

60
Q

Epididymis

A

when sperm have flagella and near mature, leave trsticles and enter epididymis where sperm mature

61
Q

Vas Deferens

A

sperm leave epididymis and enter the vas deferens which carries the sperm, behind the bladder, and forms ejaculatory duct with duct from the seminal vesicles during ejaculation

62
Q

Semen

A

mixture of sperm and spermatic duct secretion and fluids from 3 other internal accessory glands which is where most of the semen come from

63
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A

alkaline solution so basic pH to reverse acidity of vaginal environment, some nutrients and energy source and local hormones that’ll help with the sperm and smooth muscle contraction in uterus (60% of semen)

64
Q

Prostate Gland

A

smooth muscle and glandular tissue: provides force needed for ejaculation to occur with citrate and enzymes to stimulate sperm motility (30% of semen)

65
Q

Bulbourethral Gland

A

secretes before the release of the bulk semen and help lube and neutralize any acid residue in uretha from urine; only a couple drop with some sperm possibly

66
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

seminiferous tubules; spermatogonia is sperm stem cells which are present at birth but inactive until puberty - continues into old age once activated; spermatocyte undergoes meiosis and produces 4 haploid spermatids and once it develops a flagellum it makes a sperm cell (4 total)

67
Q

FSH, LH, and Testosterone in Spermatogensis

A

FSH: stimulates spermatogensis in the testes
LH: testosterone production
Testosterone: spermatogensis; hormone responsible for secondary characteristics in male (deep voice, hair, sex drive)
- if sperm counts get too high, rising testerone levels cause Sertoli cells to release inhibitin which stops release of FSH and LH and slows spermatogensis

68
Q

Eggs vs Sperm production

A

when gametes start to form: egg production begins during embryonic development and then arrested during meiosis until puberty AND then sperm production doesn’t begin until puberty
gametes finish being made: sperm is done before ejaculation while egg is not done until after fertilization
how many from stem cell: eggs only result in one from each egg stem cell while sperm production results in 4
rate of production: egg is one-at-a-time at each menstrual cycle while sperm production is continuous like mass production

69
Q

Contraception methods

A

see powerpoint slide

70
Q

Plan B - emergency contraception

A

BIOS 1108 Module 2 (5 decks)

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