Plant Related Finals (also Shokry cumulative) Flashcards by Sarah Sabler

What is Porcine Stress Syndrome caused by?

Selenium deficiency

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All of the following plants contain a large amount of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:
Halogeton
Lamb's Quarters
Sorrel
Greasewood
Pigweed

Soluble oxalate

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Which of these are passive accumulators of selenium? Which are obligate accumulators?
Aster
Corn
Golden Wood
Woody Aster
Wheat
Oats
Locoweed
Milk Vetch

Passive: corn, wheat, oats

Obligate: Golden wood, Woody aster, Locoweed, Milk vetch

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Calcium oxalates are _____ (soluble/insoluble) and cause _____(systemic/local) effects, while sodium and potassium oxalate are _____ (soluble/insoluble) and cause _____(systemic/local) effects.

Insoluble - local

Soluble- systemic

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Which of these are have insoluble calcium oxalate and which have soluble oxalate?

Beet
Dumbcane
Devil's Ivy
Pigweed
Arrowhead vine
Chinese evergreen
Purslane 
Sorrel
Lamb's quarters

Insoluble: Dumbcane, Devil’s Ivy, Arrowhead vine, Chinese evergreen

Soluble: Beet, Pigweed, Purslane, Sorrel, Lamb’s quarters

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What does selenium contaminated water cause in waterfowl?

Teratogenic effects

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T/F: Elemental selenium is more readily absorbed than soluble organic selenium.

False, soluble organic selenium is more rapidly absorbed. Elemental selenium is insoluble.

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What is more toxic when it comes to so soluble oxalate, a large amount over a short period or a small amount consumed daily for a long time?

Large amount over short period

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What part of the plant contains the most soluble oxalate, the leaves, stems or seeds?

Leaves

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What subacute toxicosis causes “Blind Staggers” in which species?

Selenium

Cattle

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Which plant toxin can be treated with physostigmine?

Diterpene alkaloids (Buttercup family)

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What essential trace element is a component of glutathione peroxidase and prevents peroxide accumulation through the reduction of glutathione?

Selenium

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Which antimitotic alkaloid toxin is found in autumn crocus and glory lily?

Colchine

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An acute toxicosis with this toxin if consumed orally involves GI signs, including colic, bloat and dark watery diarrhea, as well as respiratory signs. When the acute toxicosis is parenteral it causes neurological signs including mydriasis and incoordination. Which toxin is this?

Selenium

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In which 2 ways do soluble oxalate damage the kidneys?

Calcium oxalate crystal formation blocking/damaging the tubules

Lack of energy

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What acid toxin found in ponderosa pina and monterey cypress causes abortion in cattle by reducing the blood flow to the uterus, stimulating the release of fetal cortisol?

Isocupressic acid

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What do the plant St.John’s wort and buckwheat cause due to the quinones they contain?

Primary photosensitization

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You meet your buddy Steve at a bar to shoot some pool. Steve is pretty upset. He has a small pig farm with only one cow. Earlier today poor Benito Moosolini passed away. First he stopped eating and started walking around aimlessly and clumsily bumping into things. Then he collapsed and started walking on his knees. After that his corneas became cloudy, he developed colic, followed by a coma.
Soon after he was dead. What did Benito succumb to and should Steve be concerned for the dogs and cats on his farms? What about his pigs?

Selenium

The dogs and cats will be fine since they do not eat what most likely poisoned his cow.
For the pigs, he should test the selenium levels in the forage, and possibly add copper and protein (sulfur-containing if possible) to their diet

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Animals that do not die from acute toxicity after soluble oxalate poisoning develop what chronic conditions?

Renal- chronic tubular nephrosis and polyuria

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Name a few plants that cause hepatogenic photosensitization.

Lantana/yellow sage 
Rattlebox/Crotalaria
Cocklebur
Horsebrush
Asike and Red clover 
Moldy alfalfa or wheat

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What plant(s) causes Equine Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia aka Chewing disease?

Yellow Starthistle

Russian knapweed

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T/F Selenium toxicity is reduced by high protein diets and copper ingestion.

True

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The following lesions are observed in Hugh Heiffer during a necropsy: kidneys have a dark red cortex and medulla with a grey line separating cortex from medulla, there are petechial hemorrhage in the GI mucosa, the lungs are emphesematous and the esophagus is filled with blood-tinged froth. The rumen pH is alkaline. What killed Hugh?

Soluble oxalate poisoning

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What toxin found in oak trees and Pride of Barbados causes mainly GI lesions and renal damage in ruminants and mainly GI lesions in monogastrics?

Tannic acid/ Tannins

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T/F Generally green, unripe berries are more toxic than mature berries.

True

Which acid toxin found in members of the Vervain family, like Lantana or Yellow Sage, causes liver damage and hepatogenic photosensitization?

Triterpene acids

Which plant-related toxin leads to hypocalcemia and tetany in acute cases or affects bone and milk production in lower levels?

Soluble oxalate

What causes white muscle disease or nutritional muscle dystrophy in lambs, sometimes in calves and foals?

Selenium deficiency

T/F: Buckthorn and Coffee weed are emetics.

False, purgatives

This plant causes skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration as well as myoglobinuria. It causes fatal liver disease in horses. It also contains anthraquinones glycosides as well as

Coffee weed/ senna

Which toxin causes sheep to pull their neck to one side, similar to cattle with Milk fever?

Soluble oxalates

What is the condition/reaction called that occurs only in areas of lightly pigmented or pigmented areas of the skin upon exposure to sunlight in genetically predisposed animals?

Photosensitization

What can the soil in the Northwest, Northeast, Southeast, and around the Great Lakes deficient in?

Selenium

What is the metabolite of chlorophyll that causes photosensitization?

Phylloerythrin

What species is resistant to triterpene acid toxicity?

Horses

Which of these is correct in terms of toxicity? Selenate=Selenite > Selenide >Organic selenium in plants Selenide>Organic selenium in plants > Selenate>Selenite Selenide = Senenate >Selenite >Organic selenium in plants Organic selenium in plants > Selenate = Selenite > Selenide

Organic selenium in plants > Selenate = Selenite > Selenide

Which toxin found in Lakspur and Monkshood (members of the buttercup family) acts by competitively blocking nicotinic receptors at the muscle end plate similar to curare? What is an antidote?

Diterpene alkaloids Physostigmine or neostigmine

T/F Ergot alkaloids cause vasodilation and hemorrhage.

False, cause vasoconstriction and gangrene.

Which acid or alkaloid toxin found in members of the legume family, such as locoweed and milkvetches, inhibits lysosomal enzymes essential for the formation of glycoproteins and alter cell functions in many systems including the brain?

Indolizidine alkaloids (Swainsonine)

What species is Locoism more common in?

Horses

Members of which plant family are emetic and purgative, and in large amounts cause muscle tremors and seizures? They contain the alkaloid toxin Lycorine.

Amaryllis family | Narcissus, Kaffir lily, Spider lily, Fire lily, Zephyr lily, River lily...

What toxin stimulates muscarinic cholinergic receptors and can be treated with atropine?

Muscarine (Poisonous mushroom)

Low doses of this toxin cause depolarization while large doses cause blockage. Clinical signs are rapid onset and include exictation, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle twitching, weakness and dyspnea.

Pyridine alkaloids (Nicotine and Lobeline)

An animal presents with signs of cardiac toxicity as well as GI irritation, which of the following plants could have caused this? Locoweed Day-blooming Jasmine Oleander Cocklebur

Oleander (Cardiac glycoside)

Which palm family has three toxins, one of which is cycasin and another one causes axonal degeneration in the CNS?

Cycad

Which toxin found in Brasscia spp (broccoli, turnip, kale), Glycine spp (Soybean), and Linum spp (Flax) has an antithyroid effect?

Glucosinolate (Thiocyanate glycosides)

What alkaloid toxin causes delayed liver and renal toxicity which, once apparent, is fatal? Antioxidants can be used to help prevent the damage but cannot reverse it.

Muscarine (Poisonous mushroom)

What toxin inhibits enzymes of the Krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation, causing respiratory and neurological sings in cattle and sheep as well as neurological signs in horses and rodents? What plants are they found in?

Nitropropanol glycoside Milkvetch Violets Lotus Indigo

What causes oxidation of ferrous iron in hemoglobin to ferric iron and thus the formation of methemoglobin? Chronic toxicosis causes a reduction in which hormone which can lead to abortion?

Nitrate Progesterone

T/F Lilies cause nephrotoxicity in cats. Initially they develop GI signs, followed by polyruia, anuria and death from renal failure.

True

Pigweed, in addition to causing methemoglobinemia from acute nitrate poisoning, abortion from chronic nitrate poisoning, and hypocalcemia leading to renal disease due to soluble oxalates, what can it cause in ruminants, pigs and horses?

Renal tubular nephrosis by an unknown toxin.

What does the unknown toxin in dried red maple leaves cause in horses? What clinical signs are associated with this?

Hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia and Heinz body formation ``` Anorexia Depression Anemia Icterus Brown mucus membranes Hemoglobinuria Dyspnea Cyanosis Death ```

The ____ of coffee senna and sicklepod are most toxic and contain an unknown myocotoxin which causes skeletal and cardiac muscle _____.

Seeds Myopathy

Which plant-related toxin causes Zamia staggers in cattle? Symptoms include ataxia, weakness and weight loss.

Cycasin

Poison hemlock, Lupines, and tobacco plants contain piperidine alkaloids that result in which clinical signs?

Ataxia Incooridination Birth defects (skeletal malformations and cleft palate)

Nicotine and lobeline are _______ alkaloids found in plants of the nightshade family.

Pyridine

Which organ are pyrrolizidine alkaloids toxic to?

Liver

Solanine and solanidine alkaloids are found in members of the ______ family of plants and cause damage to the ____, ____, ____, and ____ systems.

Nighshade GI CNS Respiratory Cardiac

White clover, Subterranean clover, and Alfalfa contain phytoestrogens. What clinical signs are associated with this glycoside?

Infertility Decreased libido and feminization in males

Hydrolysis of this volatile oil released by hydrolysis causes severe irritation of the GI mucosa and dermatitis. It is found in plants in the Buttercup family.

Protoanemonin

Rattlebox, senico, ragwort, and heliotrope contain which acid or alkaloid toxin?

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Yews (Taxus spp.) , such as the Japanese yew, are cardiotoxic and toxic to the GIT. What toxin do they contain?

Taxine alkaloids

Atropine, hycoscine and hyoscyamine are ______ alkaloids found in Jimsonweed, Devil's trumpet, Angel's trumpet, and Henbane.

Tropane

This toxin binds to proteins, amino acids, and iron. It causes protein malnutrition, inhibits many enzymes, and interferes with hemoglobin synthesis. Monogastrics are more sensitive than ruminants and it causes signs of cardiac toxicity and male infertility.

Gossypol

Respiratory insufficiency signs are caused by this acute mechanisms caused by nitrate toxicosis.

Reduction/destruction of the oxygen carrying capacity of blood.

Which protein/amino acids when absorbed in toxic amounts, cause signs of anemia including depression hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinurea, icterus and cyanosis? What plant family is it associated with?

Dimethyl disulfide Mustard family (Brassica spp.)

Caffeine, theophylline and theobromine are _____ alkaloids that block ____ receptors and inhibit the enzyme _______.

Xanthine Adenosin Phosphodiesterase

Day-blooming jasmine and Turkey berry cause calcification of the elastic tissues of arteries, tendons, and ligaments as well a generalized increased density of bones causing lameness. This is because they contain this glycoside, which is an analog to this vitamin:

Calcinogenic Vitamin D analog

What is the sulfated glycoside found in Cocklebur which mainly targets the liver?

Carboxyatractyloside

Which of the following contain cardiac glycosides? ``` Oleander Kaffir lily Oak tree Foxglove Milkweed Christmas kallanchoe Purple allamanda ```

``` Oleander Foxglove Milkweed Christmas kallanchoe Purple allamanda ```

Which plant contains a glycoside that antagonizes vitamin K by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase resulting in a deficiency in vitamin K dependent coagulation factors?

Sweet clover (coumarin glycosides)

Which plant contains ptaquiloside which causes enzootic hematuria?

Bracken fern

Steroidal saponins found in Agave and Panicum grasses cause damage to which organ resulting in what process?

Liver Photosensitization (hepatogenic)

T/F Only free gossypol is toxic.

True

Which toxin found in toxic spurges, causes direct irritation of the skin and mucus membranes as well as activating protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction? What clinical signs are associated with the toxicity?

Diterpene esters Salivation, vomiting, diarrhea +/- blood

Onion, garlic, chives and leaks cause RBC membrane damage and hemolysis. What is the toxin that causes this and what are the clinical signs it causes?

Propyl disulfide Anorexia, ataxia, tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, icterus, abortion

What plant is tetradymol found? What does the decreased elimination of phylloerythrin cause? Which species is most susceptible?

.Horsebrush Hepatogenic photosensitization Sheep

Cold weather has caused an orchard of Wild Cherry and Elderberry trees to become frosted and damaged. What glycoside, which causes vasoconstriciton and mucus membrane irritation in acute poisoning, do these contain and what toxin will the Wild cherry and elderberry plants release?

Cyanogenic glycosides Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)

What toxin found in horsetail and bracken fern destroys vitamin B1, resulting in neurotoxicity in monogastric animals?

Thiaminase

Alsike and Red clover cause hepatotoxicty and secondary photosensitization in which species?

Horses

What does avocado cause in goats, horses, and rabbits?

Noninfectious mastitis and agalactica

Which disease caused by the ingestion of Yellow Starthistle or Russian Knapweed is characterized by the sudden onset of a horse being unable to eat or drink, drowsiness interrupted by excitation, dehydration and the adoption of a head-down position?

Equine Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia (ENE) aka Chewing Disease

Within 12 hours of consuming this food, Rupert Murdog develops hind limb weakness, depression ataxia, hyperthermia, vomiting, diarrhea and pale mucus membranes. What did he get into and when can his owners expect him to recover?

Macadamia nuts (which are native to Australia, fun fact) Full recovery in 2 days

``` Which of these does chronic poisoning with plants like Johnsongrass, Sorghum, Wild cherry and Elderberry cause? Heart failure Renal degeneration Neuronal degeneration Weight loss ```

Neuronal degeneration (caused by cyanogenic glycosides)

T/F: Iron salts decrease the toxicity of gossypol by increasing its inactivation and excretion.

True

______ causes signs of copper deficiency including watery bubbly diarrhea, wasting, anemia, depigmentation, demyelination and osteoporosis.

Molybdenum

Which mineral found in clovers that causes liver damage, hemolysis, and methemoglobinemia?

Copper

Acute selenium toxicosis causes GI irritation and respiratory signs, what does chronic toxicosis cause?

Hoof and hair abnormalities

What clinical signs are associated with grayanotoxins, found in the heath family (Rhododendron, Laurel)?

GI: excessive salivation, vomiting or regurgitation, colic, diarrhea Depression, recumbency, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures, fever

T/F Acute selenium toxicosis causes a slow and painful death.

False, die quickly

Castor bean, Precatory bean and Black locust contain lectins (phytotoxins, toxoalbumins) inhibit which cellular function resulting in clinical signs including hemorrhagic gastroenteritis?

Protein synthesis

Precatory beans contain ____ toxin while Castor beans contain ____ toxin. Both are fatal if ingested.

Abrin Ricin

Meliatoxins, such as tetranotriterpenes, are both entero- and neurotoxic. Death ingestion of the plant containing the toxin is from respiratory failure. What is this plant?

Chinaberry

What levels of selenium do you expect in acute toxicity? Which specimens do you sample? What about chronic?

>2ppm - blood, kidney, liver >5ppm- hoof, hair (washed before analysis)

Triterpenoid saponins cause direct irritation of the GI mucosa, leading to salivation, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, colic and hypothermia. What plants are they found in?

Alfalfa Holly (English, American) Ginseng (English and Common icy) Pokeweed

These chemicals can be solid, semisolid, or brittle at room temperature. They are easily melted or burned and insoluble in water. What chemical is this and what plants are they found in?

Resins/resinoids Milkweeds Marijuana Chinaberry

T/F Avocado, a member of the laurel family, causes noninfectious mastitis and agalactica in cattle.

True

If an animal ingests its bedding made from fresh shavings from heartwood (Black walnut) what can it develop?

Laminitis

Which plants cause forage-induced photosensitization? By what mechanisms? What is the toxin?

Moldy alfalda, red clover, moldy wheat Secondary to liver damage Toxin is unknown

What can plants in the cactus family, seed pods of Jimsonweed and Cocklebur cause?

Mechanical injury

The addition of what to the diet can increase biliary excretion of selenium?

Organic arsenicals

T/F Grapes and raisins can cause acute renal failure in cats due to an unknown toxin.

False, dogs