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Pharmaceutical Botany > Plant Physiology > Flashcards

Plant Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The general process by which living cells acquire and use the energy needed to stay alive, to grow,
and to reproduce.

A

Energy Metabolism

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2
Q

Chemical reaction in which energy is stored in
molecules.

A

Anabolic/Anabolism

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3
Q

2 processes of Energy Metabolism in Plants

A

Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration

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4
Q

End product of Photosynthesis

A

Glucose C6H12O6

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5
Q

An anabolic, endergonic, carbon dioxide (CO2)
requiring process that uses light energy (photons)
and water (H2O) to produce organic
macromolecules (glucose).

A

Photosynthesis

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6
Q

Importance of Photosynthesis

A

Production of food

Contributes to the symbiotic relationship between
plants, humans and animals.

Number one source of oxygen.

Contributes to the carbon cycle.

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7
Q

Site of Photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

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8
Q

In endergonic when energy is absorbed it becomes

A

Anabolic

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9
Q

It has the same function with Nuclear Envelope

A

Envelope (Outer Membrane)

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10
Q

What happens if the small molecules enter the envelope

A

It diffuses easily

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11
Q

Perinuclear Space, has the same function as Mitochondria. Thin and it lies between the outer and inner membrane of the chloroplasts

A

Intermembrane Space

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12
Q

It forms a border to the stroma, it regulates the passage of materials in and out of the chloroplasts.

A

Inner Membrane

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13
Q

What does inner membrane synthesize

A

Fatty acids, lipids, and carotenoids.

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14
Q

It is an alkaline (basic) aquaeous liquid protein. The spaces outside “Thylakoid Space”.

A

Stroma (Lamellae)

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15
Q

Fluid of Chloroplast

A

Stroma (Lamellae)

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16
Q

Stacks of Thylakoid are called

A

Granum

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16
Q

It is suspended (it floats like our organelles) in the stroma.

A

Thylakoid/Granum

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17
Q

This is where you see chlorophyll or the green pigment

A

Thylakoid System

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18
Q

The green pigment that gives the color to the plant, and helps plants in creating their own foods through photosynthesis

A

Chlorophyll

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19
Q

What reaction light reaction occurs in the thylakoid?

A

Light Dependent Reaction

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20
Q

Spaces outside the stroma is called?

A

Thylakoid space

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21
Q

Two stages of Photosynthesis

A

Light Dependent Reaction and Light Independent Reaction

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22
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

Preparatory stage of photosynthesis.

A

Light Dependent Reaction

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24
Q

Uses light energy to make two molecules needed
for the next stage of photosynthesis.

A

Light Dependent Reaction

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25
Q

Light Dependent Reaction
The light reactions take place in the?

A

Thylakoid Membrane

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26
Q

The principal molecule for storing and transferring
energy in cells.

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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26
Q

High energy bond, it is attached to sugar

A

Inorganic Phosphate

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27
Q

ATP Groups

A

Phosphate Group
Sugar Group
Nucleotide Group (Adenine)

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28
Q

What is NADPH?

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
(NADPH)

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29
Q

STEP 1: LDR

High energy electrons is based to an ________ and replaced with an electron from water

A

Acceptor Molecule

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30
Q

It carries electrons and protons driven by sunlight.

A

NADPH

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30
Q

An energy-carrying molecule produced
in the first stage of photosynthesis. It
provides energy to fuel the Calvin cycle
in the second stage of photosynthesis.

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
(NADPH)

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30
Q

What step of LDR is when Excited electron from ps2 are transferred to an
electron transport chain within the thylakoid
membrane.

A

STEP 2: PRODUCTION OF ATP VIA AN ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

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30
Q

Large complexes of proteins and pigments (light-absorbing molecules)
that are optimized to harvest light.

A

Photosystem

31
Q

P680

A

Photosystem II

32
Q

P700

A

Photosystem I

32
Q

What STEP in LDR is when PS II absorbs light energy delocalized electrons within the pigment become energized/excited

A

STEP 1: EXCITATION OF PHOTOSYSTEMS BY LIGHT ENERGY

32
Q

STEP 1: LDR

Excited electrons are transferred to a ________ within the thylakoid membrane

A

Carrier Molecule

33
Q

STEP 1: LDR

What is split? and what is released?

A

Water is split and oxygen is released

33
Q

As electron passed through the chain they loosed
energy which used to pump ______________ into the
thylakoid membrane.

A

Hydrogen ions

34
Q

Proton pump also known as

A

ATP Synthase

35
Q

ATP synthase uses the passage of H+ ion to catalyzed the synthesis of ATP also known as

A

Chemiosmosis

35
Q

ATP synthase needs

A

Proton

35
Q

Electron arrives at PS1.

When light energy is absorbed by pigments
delocalized electron would be excited or excited to
an acceptor membrane and used to reduced
NADP+.

A

Reduction of NADP+ and the Photolysis of Water

35
Q

What is form in STEP 3 that is needed in Light Independent Reaction?

A

NADPH

36
Q

As electron travels?

A

It loses energy

36
Q

Water is split by ________ into Hydrogen and
________ is release as by product.

A

Light energy, Oxygen

37
Q

How many ATP and NADPH does it need to produce 1 glucose molecule?

A

18 ATP molecules and 12 NADPH molecules to produce 1 C6H12O6

38
Q

Light Independent Reaction is also known as?

A

Calvin Cycle

39
Q

Where does Light Independent Reaction takes place?

A

Stroma

40
Q

The energized electrons from the light-dependent
reactions provide the energy to form carbohydrates
from carbon dioxide molecules.

A

Light Independent Reaction

41
Q

What is STEP 1 in Light Independent Reaction?

A

Carbon Fixation

41
Q

The energized electrons from the light-dependent
reactions provide the energy to form ________ from __________

A

Carbohydrates, carbon dioxide molecules

42
Q

Carbon dioxide molecules combines with a?

A

Carbon Molecule Acceptor (RuBP)

43
Q

What is RuBP?

A

Ribulose bisphosphate (5C)

44
Q

What is GP?

A

glycerate-3-phosphate (3C)

45
Q

What is TP?

A

triose phosphate (3C)

46
Q

STEP 1: Carbon Fixation

The reaction is catalyzed by the enzymes?

A

Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco)

46
Q

GP is converted to TP using these two molecules?

A

ATP and NADPH

46
Q

What is STEP 2 in Light Independent Reaction?

A

Reduction of GP

47
Q

A chemical reaction that involves the use of water to break down a molecule into smaller molecules

A

Hydrolysis Reaction

48
Q

What is the step 3 in Light Indepedent Reaction?

A

Regeneration of RuBP

49
Q

In order for one TP molecule to exit the cycle _________ must enter the cycle

A

3 CO2 Molecules

50
Q

Regeneration of RuBP molecules requires energy
derived from the ___________

A

Hydrolysis of ATP

51
Q

The process by which living cells break down
glucose molecules and release energy.

A

Cellular Respiration

52
Q

What type of process if cellular respiration in which it takes
place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce
energy from food.

Need oxygen

Can be obtain from water or air.

A

Aerobic Process

53
Q

Types of Cellular Respiration?

A

Aerobic and Anaerobic

54
Q

It is a form of cellular
respiration where oxygen is not present.

A

Anaerobic Process

55
Q

Embden Meyerhof Pathway

A

Glycolysis

56
Q

It is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate via a series of intermediate metabolites. It is also known as the Glycolysis pathway

A

Embden Meyerhof Pathway

57
Q

It is commonly encountered as one of the end products of glycolysis, which is then transported to the mitochondria for participating the citric acid cycle

A

Pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid)

58
Q

Stages of Cellular Respiration

A

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

59
Q

The process in which glucose is broken down to
produce energy.

A

Glycolysis

60
Q

A chain of reactions occurring in the mitochondria,
through which almost all living cells produce energy
in aerobic respiration. It uses oxygen and gives out
water and carbon dioxide as products.

A

Krebs Cycle

61
Q

A collection of proteins bound to the inner
mitochondrial membrane and organic molecules,
which electrons pass through in a series of redox
reactions, and release energy.

A

Electron Transport Chain

62
Q

Series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called?

A

Pyruvates

63
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol of a cell (Cytoplasm)

64
Q

Glycolysis is Aerobic or Anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

65
Q

Two phases of Glycolysis?

A

Energy Requiring Phase and
Energy Releasing Phase

66
Q

A biochemical process that involves the addition of
phosphate to an organic compound.

A

Phosphorylation

67
Q

An enzyme that adds phosphate groups to other
molecules.

A

Kinase

68
Q

Enzymes that catalyze reactions involving a
structural rearrangement of a molecule.

A

Isomerase

69
Q

An enzyme that catalyzes the removal of hydrogen
atoms from a particular molecule.

A

Dehydrogenase

70
Q

An enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of a
functional group between two positions within the
same molecule.

A

Mutase

71
Q

Energy Investment

First half of glycolysis

Uses two ATP molecules in the phosphorylation
(add of phosphate to the compound) of glucose
which then split into 2 three carbon molecules.

A

Energy-Requiring Phase

72
Q

It involves phosphorylation without ATP investment.

Energy pay-off

Second half of Glycolysis

A

Energy-Releasing Phase

Pharmaceutical Botany (2 decks)

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