Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL 186 > Plant Parts and Function > Flashcards

Plant Parts and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Why are plants so successful?

A

They are autotrophs; can generate energy through photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the six similarites between plants and animals?

A

1) Four parts of cell. 2) Basic metabolic processes. 3) Require energy. 4) Mostly multicellular. 5) Eukaryotes. 6) Similar basic cell pathways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do plants get their energy compared to animals?

A

Plants are photoautotrophic; use the sun’s energy and CO2 as carbon source. Animals are chemoheterotrophic; they get their energy and carbon from energy-rich organic substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Plants vs Animals: Chlorophyll

A

Plants have chlorophyll, animals do not.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which of plants/animals are the consumers/producers?

A

Plants produce, animals consume.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do plants vs animals grow?

A

Plants have continuous growth, animals have indeterminate growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Plants vs Animals: movement

A

Plants are rooted to the substrate and their cells do not move, while animals are free moving.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Plants vs Animals: Extracellular components

A

Plants have rigid cell walls while animals have ECM.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the reason that plants cannot get cancer?

A

Plants can have tumors but because their cells cannot move, the cancer cannot spread.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Two groups of angiosperms

A

Monocots, eudicots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Monocot characteristics (Cotyledon, leaf veins, vasc. bundles, flowers, roots.)

A

One cotyledon, parallel leaf veins, vascular bundles unarranged, flowers in threes, fibrous root system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Eudicot characteristics (Cotyledon, leaf veins, vasc. bundles, flowers, roots.)

A

Two cotyledons, branched leaf veins, vasc. bundles in a ring, flowers in fours/fives, taproot usually present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the evolution of cells –> plants?

A

cells –> tissues –> tissue systems –> organs –> plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What makes up tissues?

A

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are simple tissues made of?

A

One cell type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the three types of simple tissues in plants?

A

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are parenchyma tissues made of?

A

Parenchyma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the characteristics of parenchyma cells. (Alive/dead, cell wall, what is it made of, where, shape.)

A

Parenchyma cells are common in all plants and are alive at maturity. They are surrounded by a thin/flexible primary cell wall made of cellulose, found in soft tissues and are isodiametric in shape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the basic function of parenchyma cells and examples?

A

Used in most metabolic functions of a plant, like photo synthesis, storage, seed dispersal (fruit) and wound repair.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the specialized function of parenchyma cells?

A

They allow for the aeration of roots in excess water caused by aerenchyma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are aerenchyma and how are they formed?

A

Allow for aeration of roots in water. Parenchyma cells undergo programmed cell death that turn into aerenchyma pathways, so O2 can get through.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do plant roots get oxygen in flooded areas?

A

Cells undergo programed cell death, turning parenchyma into aerenchyma so O2 can get through roots to perform catabolic pathways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are collenchyma tissues made of?

A

Collenchyma cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name the characteristics of collenchyma cells. (Alive/dead, cell wall, what is it made of, where, shape.)

A

They are found in few plant families and are alive at maturity. They have a thick, uneven cell wall and the cells are elongated; longer than they are wide. They are flexible and elastic (stringy).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the function of collenchyma cells?
They give the plant flexible growth without restraining growth.
26
Does structural support of plants depend solely on the cell wall of collenchyma cells?
No, the combination of both cellulous walls and turgor pressure (water pressure) provide structural support.
27
What are sclerenchyma tissues made of?
2 types of sclerenchyma cells: Sclerids and fibers.
28
Are sclerenchyma cells alive/dead at maturity?
Both sclerids and fibers are dead at maturity by active programmed cell death.
29
Describe the characteristics of the primary cell wall in sclerenchyma cells.
They have two cell walls (primary, secondary). The primary cell wall is thin and very rigid, and made of carbohydrates and proteins.
30
Describe the characteristics of the secondary cell wall in sclerenchyma cells.
The secondary cell wall is thicker and made of lignin, carbohydrates and proteins.
31
What is lignin made out of and its function?
It is made out of phenolic polymers polymerized around cellulose microfibrils and provides stiffness and mechanical strength.
32
Why is the secondary cell wall inside the primary cell wall?
Because is grows second (growth is from inside-out).
33
There are two types of sclerenchyma cells, what is the function of sclerids?
Defense against predators
34
There are two types of sclerenchyma cells, what is the function of fibers?
Fibers are found in all plant organs 1-10cm in length and usually grouped in strands. They are used in lots of commercial products.
35
What make up complex tissues?
They are tissues made up of more than one cell type, unlike simple tissues (one cell type).
36
What are the two types of complex tissue?
Xylem and phloem.
37
What cells make up xylem, a complex tissue?
Xylem is made up of living and dead cells; parenchyma (alive) and sclerenchyma (dead).
38
What type of complex tissue makes up wood?
Xylem.
39
Xylem has two cell types, parenchyma and sclerenchyma. What is the function of parenchyma?
Parenchyma cells in xylem are used for defense, healing, carbohydrate storage, active solute transport and the unloading of minerals from vessels and tracheids.
40
Parenchyma cells in xylem transport solutes, including hormones. One such hormone is called auxin. What is its function?
Auxin controls development and inhibits excessive branching.
41
Xylem has two cell types, parenchyma and sclerenchyma. What is the function of sclerenchyma?
Sclerenchyma cells are present in xylem for structural support from fibers and sclerids.
42
What are the tracheary elements in xylem?
Tracheary elements are the combination of both cell types in xylem, sclerenchyma and parenchyma but they are BOTH DEAD.
43
What are tracheary elements made of, and what is its function?
Tracheary elements are made of tracheids and vessel elements that allow for water and mineral transport from roots to leaves.
44
Do tracheary elements use passive or active transport?
Both tracheids and vessel elements use passive transport.
45
What is the function of tracheids?
Tracheids are long, thin cells with tapered ends that move water through pits in their cell walls. They are found in all vascular plants and are dead at maturity.
46
What are vessel elements?
Vessel elements are wider than tracheids and are shorter/thinner walled. They align end to end and form micro pipes. They are found in most angiosperms.
47
Why are secondary cell walls of tracheids and vessel elements encrusted with lignin?
Mechanical support.
48
What is phloem made of?
Phloem is also made of living and dead cells.
49
Phloem has two cell types, parenchyma and sclerenchyma. What is the function of parenchyma?
Parenchyma in phloem is alive and they load/unload organic compounds and some minerals. They also act as defense and provide resources needed for sieve elements.
50
Parenchyma cells in phloem load and unload organic compounds and some minerals. Is this active or passive transport?
This is active transport.
51
Phloem has two cell types, parenchyma and sclerenchyma. What is the function of sclerenchyma?
Sclerenchyma cells are dead and are used for support, structural stability and defense.
52
What are sieve elements?
Like xylem, phloem also has a combination of both cell types called sieve elements however unlike tracherary elements sieve elements are mostly alive. They transport organic compounds and hormones via passive transport by working together with parenchyma cells.
53
Is the transport of organic compounds and hormones in sieve elements passive or active?
Passive transport.
54
Describe the characteristics of sieve tube elements in angiosperms.
In angiosperms, sieve elements are called sieve tubes and are connected via sieve plates and are paired with companion cells. They are alive but have no nucleus or ribosomes.
55
Sieve tube elements can be called the 'living dead'. Why?
Because they have no genetic information (nucleus, ribosomes) but still get energy from working together with other alive cells.
56
What are companion cells?
Companion cells are parenchyma cells that work together with sieve tube elements to provide energy that sieve tube elements lack from having no nucleus, ribosomes (no proteins or energy).
57
How do companion cells connect to sieve tube elements?
Via sieve plates
58
Describe the characteristics of sieve elements in gymnosperms.
Gymnosperms have sieve cells that pair with albuminous cells.
59
What are albuminous cells?
Albuminous cells are parenchyma cells that work together with sieve cells to provide energy that sieve cells lack from having no nucleus, ribosomes (no proteins or energy).
60
Why do sieve elements not have a nucleus or ribosomes?
So there is more space to transport solutes.
61
What is a tissue system?
A group of tissues that form one structural unit.
62
What are the three tissue systems in plants?
Dermal, ground and vascular tissue.
63
What is the dermal tissue system and its function?
Dermal tissue is always on the outside and forms the epidermis and periderm (bark).
64
What is periderm?
Bark
65
What is the ground tissue system and its function?
Ground tissue is the parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues that are found in the stem, root and leaf and have different functions depending on each.
66
How is ground tissue present in the leaf of the plant?
Present as mesophyll: palisade and spongy tissue.
67
How is ground tissue present in the stem and root of the plant?
As the cortex and pith.
68
What is the vascular tissue system and its function?
The vascular tissue is made up of xylem and phloem and has different functions depending on location.
69
How is vascular tissue present in the leaf of the plant?
As a network of veins
70
How is vascular tissue present in the stem of the plant?
Vascular bundles
71
How is vascular tissue present in the root of the plant?
Vascular cylinder in the middle
72
What are organs?
Organs are a group of tissue systems that perform specific functions.
73
What are the two organ systems in plants?
Shoot and root systems
74
What are the four organ types in plants?
Flower (reproductive), stem, leaves, roots.
75
What part of the plant grows indeterminately?
The roots and stem.
76
What part of the plant grows determinately?
Leaves
77
What is the apical meristem?
Responsible for primary growth at the tip of the plant (stem or root).
78
What is the function of the root system in plants?
Roots are responsible for anchoring the plant to the ground, as well as the uptake of water and nutrients.
79
What is the function of root hairs?
They increase the surface area for more intake of nutrients and stronger anchoring
80
How are roots organized?
They are organized into different zones and part at the root tip.
81
What is the zone of differenentiation?
The zone of differentiation is made up of the root hairs and vascular tissues.
82
What is the zone of elongation and its function?
The zone of elongation is the main body of the root and is responsible for cell elongation and initial differentiation from dermal, ground and vascular tissues.
83
What is the zone of cell division and its function?
The zone of cell division is at the tip of the root and is made up of the apical meristem and root cap. It is responsible for cell division and growth.
84
How do plant roots grow?
Plants can only grow from the tip, which the apical meristem is responsible for.
85
What is the root cap and its function?
The root cap is the tip of the root and offers protection to the root and lubricates the soil for ease of growth. Found in the zone of cell division.
86
What is the shoot system comprised of?
The stem and leaves.
87
How does the shoot system grow?
Primary growth via apical meristems (how trees grow tall). Cell division starts at the tip, making daughter cells that grow into differentiated cells. Growth occurs for dermal, ground and vascular tissue.
88
What is the internode?
Portion of the stem between leaves.
89
What is the node?
Place on the stem where leaves grow.
90
What are lateral/axillary buds?
They can grow vegetative shoots which can form flowers over time.
91
Growth-wise, how do eudicots and monocots differ?
Eudicots have secondary growth, while monocots only have primary growth.
92
Stems can undergo unique modifications. What is the function of a bulb?
They are underground shoots with enlarged bases of leaves to store food.
93
Stems can undergo unique modifications. What is the function of rhizomes?
They are horizontal shoots below the surface, vertical shoots emerge from axillary buds.
94
Stems can undergo unique modifications. What is the function of stolons?
They are a modified stem used for cloning and reproduction.
95
Stems can undergo unique modifications. What is the function of tuber?
Enlarged stem or root used to store nutrients.
96
What is the function of the petiole?
The petiole is a part of the leaf that connects the leaf to the stem.
97
What are some characteristics of a simple leaf?
Simple leaves are usually made of a single, undivided blade but can be deeply lobed. (Think oak). They have axillary buds at the base of the leaf.
98
What are some characteristics of a compound leaf?
The leave is made of multiple leaflets and has no axillary bud at the base of the leaf, instead it is at the base of the petiole.
99
What is the cuticle and its function?
The cuticle is the outer layer of a leaf that is used for defense, prevention of H2O loss, and is also hydrophobic.
100
What are stoma(ta), their function, and where are they located?
Stoma are gas exchange pores located in the cuticle, with more abundance on the underside of the leaf. They regulate H2O loss and are flanked by guard cells.
101
What is spongy mesophyll and its function?
Spongy mesophyll is loosely packed mesophyll located near the bottom of the leaf with large intercellular spaces (apoplast) for gasses to diffuse. Provides CO2 for palisade mesophyll for photosynthesis.
102
What is palisade mesophyll and its function?
Palisade mesophyll is located near the top of the leaf, under the cuticle and is tightly packed with chloroplasts to photosynthesis; receives CO2 from spongy mesophyll.
103
What are bundle sheath cells?
Sheath cells surround the plant veins for protection (phloem is sugary = predators) and helps with the loading and unloading of the vascular system.
104
What are plant veins made up of?
Xylem and phloem surrounded by bundle sheath cells.

BIOL 186 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions