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BIOL 186 > Animal Form and Function > Flashcards

Animal Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolutionary convergence?

A

Different adaptations for similar environmental challenges.

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2
Q

Nutrients, waste, heat and gases are exchanged across cell membranes. What is this rate of exchange proportional to?

A

It is proportional to surface area, and exchange material is proportional to cell volume.

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3
Q

Direct vs internal bodily exchange

A

Direct is the simple diffusion of gases across membranes while internal is between blood and body tissues.

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4
Q

What are some characteristics of internal exchange?

A

Usually found in larger organisms due to more complex internal organization, and is made of extensively branched, folded structures.

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5
Q

What is the interstitial fluid?

A

AKA IF, it is the fluid space between cells invertebrates and allows for movement of materials in and out of cells.

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6
Q

What are the four tissue types in animals?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.

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7
Q

What is epithelial tissue and where can it be found?

A

Epithelia tissues is closely joint tissues that makes up the epidermis, as such it covers the outside of the body and lines organ cavities.

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8
Q

What are the three shapes of epithelial tissues?

A

Cuboidal (dice-like), Columnar (rectangle, side-to-side), and Squamous (floor tile)

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9
Q

What are the three arrangements of epithelial tissues?

A

Single cell layer (simple), Stratified (multiple layers), and Pseudostratified (single layer of cells in varying length).

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10
Q

Where can simple squamous epithelium tissue be found?

A

Air sacs of the lung

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11
Q

Where can pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium tissue be found?

A

Respiratory tract

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12
Q

Where can simple cuboidal epithelium tissue be found?

A

In the kidney

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13
Q

Where can simple columnar epithelium tissue be found?

A

Intestine

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14
Q

Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found?

A

Esophagus

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15
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Scattered cells in a matrix, made of fibers and a ground substance.

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16
Q

What are some examples of scattered cells (connective tissue?) (7)

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes, leukocytes, adipose cells

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17
Q

What is ground substance and what are some examples in terms of connective tissues?

A

Ground substances hold everything together. Ex) Macromolecules, glycoproteins

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18
Q

What are the three types of fibers in connective tissues?

A

Collagen, elastic fibres, and reticular fibres.

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19
Q

What is the function of collagen?

A

Strength and flexability

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20
Q

What is the function of reticular fibres?

A

Join connective tissues and adjacent tissues.

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21
Q

What are the six types of connective tissues in vertebrates?

A

Loose connective, fibrous connective, bone, adipose, blood, and cartilage.

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22
Q

What is the function of loose connective tissue

A

Holds organs in place

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23
Q

What are fibrous connetive tissues

A

tendons, ligaments

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24
Q

What type of tissue is bone?

A

Connective mineralized tissue

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25
What is the function of cartilage?
It is strong, flexible and supports avascular material (mainly chondrocytes)
26
What is adipose tissue?
Fat
27
What is muscle tissue and its function?
Muscle cells (actin and myosin) enable muscle contraction in response to nerve signals.
28
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, smooth and cardiac
29
What is skeletal muscle tissue and its function?
AKA Striated muscle, responsible for voluntary movement.
30
What is the function of smooth muscle?
Responsible for involuntary body activities
31
What is the function of cardiac muscle?
The contraction of the heart
32
What is the function of nervous tissues?
Responsible for recieving, processsing and transmitting information.
33
What are the two types of nervous tissue?
Neurons and glia
34
What is the function of neurons?
Transmit nerve impulses (action potential)
35
What is the function of glia?
Nourish, insulate and regulate neuron activity
36
What is the function of the endocrine system?
To transmit chemical signals (hormones) to receptive cells via blood. Hormones can affect more than one body region, and are slow acting but long lasting.
37
What does nervous system information depend upon?
Signal pathways, not the type of signal (unlike endocrine).
38
Difference between endocrine and nervous system?
Both receive and transmit chemical information but the nervous system is faster and depends on pathways while the endocrine system is slower and depends on the type of signal while it is longer lasting.
39
What are nerve impulses recieved by?
Neurons, muscle, endocrine and exocrine cells.
40
What are the main components of the circulatory system?
The heart, blood vessels and blood
41
What is the main function of the circulatory system?
Internal distribution of materials
42
What are the main components of the respiratory system?
The lungs, trachea and other tubes
43
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange (O2:CO2)
44
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining a steady state or internal balance regardless of the external environment
45
What are held constant in the human body?
Body temp, blood pH and glucose levels
46
What happens when there are flucuations in homeostasis levels? (like temp, pH and glucose lvls)
Fluctuations above/below a set point give out a stimulus detected by a sensor to trigger a response, returning the variable to the set point.
47
What is feedback?
There is positive and negative feedback, homeostasis relies on negative feedback.
48
What is negative feedback?
Homeostasis in animals relies on negative feedback. It returns the variable to the set point/normal range.
49
What is positive feedback?
Positive feedback amplifies stimulus and does not (usually) contribute to homeostasis
50
What are some alterations/factors that affect feedback and homeostasis?
Age (cyclic variation), Circadian rhythm
51
What is acclimation?
The adjustment to one environmental factor
52
What is acclimitization?
The adjustment to multiple environmental factors.
53
What are endotherms? Give examples.
Endotherms generate heat internally to maintain body temperature. Ex) Mammals, Birds
54
What are ectotherms? Give examples.
Ectotherms rely on external heat sources to regulate their body temperature. Ex) Fish, reptiles, amphibians
55
What are thermoregulators? Give examples.
They actively maintain a stable body temperature. Ex) Humans, basking reptiles
56
What are thermoconformers? Give examples.
Their body temperature matches that of the external environment. Ex) (Most) fish, invertebrates
57
What are homeotherms? Give examples.
They maintain a constant body temperature. Ex) Mammals, birds
58
What are poikilotherms? Give examples.
Their body temperature fluctuates with the environment. Ex) Reptiles, amphibians
59
What are the four ways to exchange heat?
Radiation, evapouration, convection and conduction.
60
How is heat exchanged by radiation?
All objects emit radiation with a temperature greater than absolute 0 (>0K). Organisms absorb radiation energy as heat from the sun and surrounding environment and release some themselves.
61
How is heat exchanged by evapouration?
H2O has a high latent heat vaporization. All organisms lose heat through evapouration of H2O from skin. Sweat/bathing moistens skin to cool down and panting increases air flow over tongue (speeds up evapouration)
62
How is heat exchanged by convection?
It is a fan effect that cools down the organism.
63
How is heat exchanged by conduction?
Heat is absorbed by the organism through a warmer surface (reptiles on a hot rock, for ex)
64
What are some different ways animals regulate heat?
Insulation, circulatory adaptations, cooling via evapouration, behavioral responses, adjusting metabolic heat production
65
What is insulation and its function? (give examples)?
Insulation is a major thermoregulatory adaptation in mammals and birds that reduces heat flow between organisms and their environment. Ex) skin, feathers, fur, blubber.
66
What are some circulatory adaptations endo and ectotherms use?
Vasodilation, vasoconstriction, countercurrent exchange
67
What is vasodilation?
Vasodilation is used to increase the blood flow in skin therefore increasing heat loss.
68
What is vasoconstriction?
Vasoconstriction is used to decrease the blood flow in skin, therefore decreasing heat loss.
69
What is countercurrent exchange?
Countercurrent exchange is a biological mechanism where fluids (gas, liquid) flows in opposite directions to effectively exchange heat or chemicals across a permeable barrier to maximize the efficiency of exchange.
70
Why do animals shiver?
Thermogenesis increases with muscle activity, so moving (shivering) when cold heats up the organism/
71
What is nonshivering thermogenesis?
The presence of cold triggers hormone release that acts on brown adipose tissue (BAT), causing fatty acids to break down and produce heat instead of ATP during krebs/citric acid cycle.
72
What is brown adipose tissue? (BAT)
Adipose tissue is fat, so BAT is a specialized fat rich with mitochondria and blood vessels. It decreases in production with age.
73
Why do animals have fevers?
Fever is the result of a change to the set point to homeostasis in the biological thermostat. Used to combat infection.
74
What is the hypothalamus and its function?
The region of the brain in mammals that controls thermoregulation, it triggers heat loss/generation mechanisms.

BIOL 186 (17 decks)

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