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BOT 380 > Plant Metabolism and Compound Production > Flashcards

Plant Metabolism and Compound Production Flashcards

1
Q

How many systems are in the flowering Plant Structure? What are their names?

A
  1. shoot system
  2. root system
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2
Q

what is the Fx of the cell wall?

A

protection and structure

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3
Q

fx of chloroplasts

A

energy production and carbon assimilation

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4
Q

What are the 3 tissue cells?

A
  1. dermal
  2. vascular
  3. ground
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5
Q

Dermal Cells

A

outer covering modified for protection and water absorption

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6
Q

what are trichomes?

A

outgrowth of epidermis on leaves, secrete secondary compounds
- ex. tomato plants, cannabis (where CBD and THC is located)

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7
Q

Vascular cells

A

provides long distance transport of material within the plant
- includes xylem and phloem

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8
Q

Ground

A

between dermal and vascular tissues
- within the vascular tissue forms ‘pith’
- external to vascular tissue forms ‘cortex’

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9
Q

Translocation

A

movement in the phloem

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10
Q

Transpiration

A

movement in the xylem

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11
Q

Xylem Tissue Transport

A
  • xylem moves water and dissolved minerals from roots into shoots
  • xylem derived form greek word for wood
  • tissue contains water conducting cells
  • xylem is comprised of dead cells
  • tracheids and vessel elements
  • primary and secondary cell walls (hardened with lignin) reinforce cell structure and prevent cells from collapsing during high water tension
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12
Q

Phloem Tissue Transport

A
  • phloem transports sugars (photosynthates) from their site of synthesis to where they are needed
  • phloem is formed of live cells
  • sieve tubes and plasmodemata
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13
Q

Sieve Tubes

A

chains of sieve-tube members
- lack organelles
- connected at ends by sieve plates through which fluid moves

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14
Q

Plasmodemata

A

connect nearby companion cells to sieve tubes

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15
Q

Anabolize vs. Catabolize

A
  • anabolize = create
  • catabolize = breakdown
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16
Q

Studying metabolic pathways (1950s, 1970s, 1990s)

A
  • 1950: radioisotopes to label precursors (follow radioactivity to identify sequence of products)
  • 1970: use plant cell cultures to produce pathway enzymes (provides abundant material to isolate, purify, and characterize enzymes - Hairy Root Culture)
  • 1990: use molecular techniques (isolate, characterize and manipulate genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes
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17
Q

Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGs)

A
  • ideal for use non-model organisms
  • utilized plants own defence machinery to silencing genes of interest
  • has been employed to see how metabolism re-arranges without the production fo the GOI
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18
Q

Primary Metabolic Pathways

A
  • create molecules that are essential for life
  • used in normals cells functioning
  • these compounds are not toxic to predators
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19
Q

Secondary Metabolic Pathways

A
  • processes that create molecules that are NOT required for the general fx of the organsim
  • molecules produced used for defence
  • often the compounds of medicinal interest that are produced by plants
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20
Q

Carbohydrates (sugars)

A
  • primary metabolic pathway
  • energy store (short and long term) - starch
  • structural integrity - cellulose
  • specialized compounds - complex polysaccharides, alginic acid, carrageenan, agar, Gum arabic
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21
Q

Medically relevant carbohydrates

A
  • Panax quinquefolius: polysaccharides in Echincea species stimulate the immune system
  • aloe barbadensis: used for skin conditions
  • many medicinal compounds are glycosides
22
Q

Photosynthetic pathways produce carbohydrates used…

A
  • as energy resources
  • to build more complex like glycosides or cellulose
  • to generate ATP through cellular respiration
23
Q

Production of Lipids

A
  • long chain hydrocarbons (fatty acids) attach to glycerol to form triglycerides
  • carbon rings combine to form phytosterols - energy sources (oils/fats) , components of cell membranes
  • can form the basis of specialized molecules
  • not found in defensive or medically relevant plant compounds
24
Q

Amino acids

A
  • aa are the precursors form many secondary plant metabolites
  • rarely have medicinal or defensive action on their own
  • aa have different chemical properties based on their structures
25
Q

Production of Proteins

A
  • produced as polymer chains of amino acids
  • multiple function: structure, enzymes, defense, transport, etc.
26
Q

What are Secondary Metabolites

A
  • pharmacologically active compounds found in plants are usually produced form secondary metabolic pathways
  • primary and secondary pathways are directly connected
  • derived from precursors made from primary metabolic pathways
  • not essential for the basic fx of the plants
27
Q

Characteristics of Secondary Metabolites

A
  • small, organic molecules
  • contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
  • structures may be simple or complex - do not reach the size of polymer primary macromolecules
  • immense structural diversity/complexity
  • exhibit hyrdophobic or hydrophilic behavior
28
Q

MEP/DOXP pathway

A
  • plants and bacteria and some protists
  • terpenes
29
Q

Shikimate Pathway

A
  • produces aromatic amino acids
  • phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine
  • are precursors for alkaloids and phenolics
  • this pathway does not occur in animal cells
30
Q

Malonic acid pathway

A
  • phenolics
  • more prevalent in fungi and bacteria that in plants
31
Q

Terpenes

A
  • largest class of secondary metabolites
  • some act as primary metabolites for the plant and are necessary for cell fx (cell growth modulation, light harvesting, photoprotection, control of membrane fluidity)
  • components of essential oils (smell, pain, relief, cough suppression)
    disease and health (anti-malarial, anti-cancer, regulation of heart rate, antioxidants
  • soap properties and hormone precursors
32
Q

Terpene Synthesis (MVA pathway & MEP pathway)

A
  • MVA pathway (cystol): acetyl CoA is coneverted into mevalonic acid, melavonic acid is coverted into isopenanyl diphosphate and its isomer dimethylallyldiphosphate (DMAPP)
  • MEP pathway (plastid): pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-P
33
Q

Structure of Terpene

A
  • structurally, there are linear terpenes and cyclic terpenes
  • geraniol: non-cyclic terpene
  • limonene: cyclic terpene
34
Q

Opium Poppy identification and use

A
  • Friedrich Wilhelm Serturner (1806) pain relieving compounds in opium poppy
  • extracts crystals of a bitter alkaline substance that puts animals to sleep without coma/death (uses it on himself for toothache)
  • he calls the active compound morphine (first alkaloid identified, named after the greek God of dreams Morpheus)
35
Q

What is a Alkaloid?

A
  • second largest more structurally diverse, most medically important group of plant compounds
  • plant compounds containing a N atom in a ring structure
  • many have chemical characteristics as bases
  • many are bitter
  • in plants, human blood and the human stomach, the nitrogen atom has a positive charge making molecules polar and water soluble
36
Q

Synthetic Pathways for Alkaloids

A
  • usually synthesized from precursor compounds like amino acids
  • aliphatic amino acids via Krebs/TCA cycle
  • aromatic amino acids via Shikimate pathway
  • may also be synthesized from or with terpenes, purines, polyketides and others
37
Q

Naming of Alkaloids

A
  • related alkaloids by the common name of one that is well known (e.g., morphine alkaloids)
  • latin name of plant from which alkaloids were originally isolated (e.g., lobelia alkaloids)
  • refer to chemical name of the nitrogen ring as a descriptor (e.g., tropane alkaloids)
38
Q

What are Phenolics?

A
  • weakly acidic, simple, aromatic molecules with a hydroxyl group attached to an aromatic ring
  • sometimes the hydroxyl group is ‘lost’
  • phenolic compounds account for 40% of organic compound found in the biosphere
39
Q

Phenolic Characteristics

A
  • phenolics are a plant adaptation that allow for survival on land
  • most phenolic compounds have cell wall structural roles
  • provide wood and bark characteristics
  • provide wood and bark characteristics
  • roles in flower color, plant taste and odor
  • roles in plant defence
40
Q

Synthesis of Phenolic Compounds

A
  • derived from aromatic amino acids made in the shikimate pathway
  • tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan
41
Q

Phenolic Compounds

A
  • flavonoids (anthoxanthins, flavanones, flavanonols, flavans, anthocyanidins)
  • stilbenes (resveratrol)
  • coumarins (gingerol)
  • tannins (derived from gallic acid or flavonoids)
42
Q

Why did scientists originally think that secondary compounds were a ‘waste’?

A

because they did not play a major role in plant metabolism

43
Q

What were some arguments against the thinking that secondary compounds were a waste?

A
  • compounds are energtically expensive to produce, story, and transport
  • made in specific cellular and tissue areas
  • expression is regulated
44
Q

What factors does the amount and distribution of compounds depend on?

A
  • plant Genera
  • part of plant
  • stage of development
  • stage of growing season
  • weather
  • time of day
  • plant injury/attack
45
Q

Storage and Synthesis of Secondary Compounds

A
  • location of secondary compounds vary
  • organ level: compounds generally stored in roots, leaves, stems, flowers, fruiting bodies, seeds (leaves are the most frequent site)
  • tissue level: nonliving wood and bark cells, epidermal hairs (trichomes), living cell cytoplasm
  • cellular level: vacuoles
46
Q

Examples of where different plant store and synthesize compounds (organs)

A
  • not always stored in leaves
  • morphine produced and stored in seed capsule
  • ginsenosides produced and stored in the root
  • nicotine is synthesized in the roots, but transported and stored in leaves
47
Q

Plant compound synthesis and storage in Tissues

A
  • synthesis of plant volatiles often occurs in flower epidermal cells (easy escape to atmosphere)
  • in vegetative organs, plant volatiles are synthesized in surface glandular trichomes
  • some plant volatiles are made in specialized cells structures
48
Q

Example of Plant Compound Synthesis and Storage in Tissue (catharanthus roseus)

A
  • aka madagascar periwinkle
  • produces anti-cancer drugs (terpenoid indole alkaloids)
  • enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway were localized using in situ hybridization techniques
  • enzymes are specifically localized to at least three cell types - internal phloem parenchyma, epidermis, laticifers
  • synthesis of terpenes may involve steps where intermediated are transported from cell-to-cell
49
Q

Example of Plant Compound Synthesis and Storage in Tissues (Papaver Somniferum)

A
  • aka opium poppy
  • morphine is found in the latex
  • latex is found in the cytoplasm of laticifers; cells associated with phloem tissue
  • key enzymes int eh biosynthesis of morphine are not found in latex
50
Q

Define Synteny

A

physical co-localization of genetic loci on the same chromosome within an individual or species

51
Q

Proteome Regulation - Cellular

A
  • induce conformational changes (e.g., protein activation)
  • create sites for protein-protein interactions
  • induce changes in subcellular localization
52
Q

Example of Regulation of Secondary Compound Synthesis

A
  • time of day regulation
  • the circadian clock allows plants to anticipate day and night - correspondingly, they time when they perform specific tasks
  • ‘timed attack’ is met with ‘times defense’

BOT 380 (17 decks)

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