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Plant Kingdom Flashcards

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1
Q

Five kingdom classification was given by-

A

R.H. Whittaker

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2
Q

Five kingdoms listed under Whittaker classification are-

A

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia and Plantae

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3
Q

Cyanobacteria is classified under kingdom-

A

Monera

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4
Q

The divisions under kingdom Plantae are -

A

Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

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5
Q

Plant classification system given by Linnaeus was based mainly on ___ or on ___

A

Vegetative characters or on the androecium structure

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6
Q

Classification system based on internal structure like embryology, phytochemistry, etc was given by

A

George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker

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7
Q

Phylogenetic classification systems are based on ___

A

Evolutionary relationships

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8
Q

In ___ taxonomy, numbers and codes are assigned to all characters

A

Numerical

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9
Q

The taxonomy which is based on chromosome number, structure and behaviour is called

A

Cytotaxonomy

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10
Q

Taxonomy which includes chemical constitutes for classification

A

chemotaxonomy

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11
Q

Simple chlorophyll bearing, thalloid, aquatic and autotrophic organisms are called

A

Algae

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12
Q

Apart from water, algae is available in habitats like ____

A

moist stones, soil and wood

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13
Q

Algae live in association with fungi as

A

Lichens

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14
Q

Name alga which exists in colonial form

A

Volvox

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15
Q

Name any two filamentous algae

A

Ulothrix and Spirogyra

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16
Q

Modes of reproduction in Algae are

A

Vegetative, sexual and asexual

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17
Q

Vegetative reproduction in algae occurs by

A

Fragmentation

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18
Q

Most common type of asexually reproducing spores in algae are

A

Zoospores

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19
Q

Gametes are flagellated and similar in size in ___

A

Ulothrix/ Chlamydomonas

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20
Q

Gametes of Spirogyra are ___

A

Non-motile

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21
Q

Fusion of two gametes similar in size is called

A

isogamy

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22
Q

Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size is called

A

anisogamy

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23
Q

Fusion of large non-motile female gametes with small motile male gametes is called

A

Oogamous

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24
Q

Two algae reproducing by oogamy are

A

volvox and fucus

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25
Q

An algae reproducing by anisogamy is

A

Eudorina

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26
Q

The organism which is primary producers of compounds forming basis of food cycles of aquatic animals are

A

Algae

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27
Q

Three genus of marine algae used as food are

A

Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum

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28
Q

Water holding substances produced by algae are called

A

hydrocolloids

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29
Q

Hydro-colloid-algin is produced by ____ algae

A

brown

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30
Q

Which hydrocolloid is produced by red algae?

A

Carrageen

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31
Q

Gelidium and Gracilaria are producers of ___

A

Agar

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32
Q

A unicellular alga rich in proteins used as a food supplement by space travellers is

A

Chlorella

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33
Q

Algae is divided into three main classes, namely

A

Chlorophyceae, Phaephyceae, Rhodophyceae

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34
Q

Members of chlorophyceae are commonly called

A

green algae

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35
Q

Members of chlorophyceae are green due to the presence of pigments-

A

chlorophyll a and b

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36
Q

Outer and inner layer of green algal cell is __ and ___ respectively

A

Pectose, cellulose

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37
Q

Most of the members of chlorophyceae possess storage bodies located in chloroplasts called

A

Pyrenoids

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38
Q

Pyrenoids contains ___ besides ___

A

Proteins; starch

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39
Q

Chlorophyceae reproduces vegetatively by ____ and by formation of ____

A

Fragmentation and spores

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40
Q

Asexual reproduction in green algae occurs by

A

Zoospores

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41
Q

Sexual reproduction is green algae can be through

A

isogamy, anisogamy or oogamy

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42
Q

Name 3 green algae

A

Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix/ Spirogyra/ Chara

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43
Q

Members of Phaeophyceae are also called

A

brown algae

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44
Q

Brown algae is usually found in ___

A

marine habitats

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45
Q

Name the filamentous brown algae

A

Ectocarpus

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46
Q

A branched form of brown algae reaching upto 100 metres is ___

A

kelps

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47
Q

Pigments possessed by brown algae are

A

chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids and xanthophylls

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48
Q

Colour of brown algae depends on the amount of ___ present

A

xanthophyll pigment fucoxanthin

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49
Q

Xanthophyll pigment present in brown algae is

A

fucoxanthin

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50
Q

Food in brown algae is stored as ___

A

complex carbohydrates

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51
Q

Carbohydrates in brown algae is present in the form of

A

laminarin or mannitol

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52
Q

The gelatin coating covering cellulosic wall of brown algae is ___

A

algin

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53
Q

Protoplast of brown algae consists of ___, ___ and ___

A

plastid, central vacuole and nucleus

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54
Q

Plant body of brown algae is attached to substratum by

A

holdfast

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55
Q

The stalk of brown algae is called

A

Stipe

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56
Q

Leaf like photosynthetic organ of brown algae is called

A

frond

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57
Q

Vegetative reproduction in brown algae takes place by ___

A

Fragmentation

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58
Q

Asexual reproduction in brown algae takes place with the help of ___

A

biflagellate zoospore

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59
Q

Biflagellate zoospores of brown algae are __ shaped

A

pear

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60
Q

Sexual reproduction in brown algae may be

A

isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous

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61
Q

Union of gametes in brown algae takes place in ____

A

water

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62
Q

Attachment of flagella on the body of gametes of brown algae is ____

A

lateral

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63
Q

Five examples of algae belonging to Phaeophyceae are

A

Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum and Fucus

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64
Q

Members of rhodophyceae are commonly called

A

red algae

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65
Q

Dominant pigment in red algae is

A

r-phycoerythin

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66
Q

Algae is found in warmer regions in

A

Rhodophyceae

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67
Q

The algae found in both well-lighted region close to the surface as well as at greater depths are

A

Red algae

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68
Q

The red thalli of most of the red algae are

A

Multicellular

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69
Q

Food in red alage is stored in the form of ___

A

floridean starch

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70
Q

Structure of which starch resembles amylopectin and glycogen ?

A

floridean starch

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71
Q

Asexual reproduction in red algae occurs by ____ spores

A

non-motile

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72
Q

Sexual reproduction in red algae takes place by ____

A

Non-motile gametes

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73
Q

Sexual reproduction in red algae is ____

A

oogamous

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74
Q

4 examples of red algae are

A

Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria and Gelidium

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75
Q

____ includes the various mosses and liverworts that are found commonly growing in ____ areas in hills

A

Bryophytes; moist shaded

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76
Q

Bryophytes are called ___ of plant kingdom

A

Amphibians

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77
Q

Bryophytes are dependent on ___ for sexual reproduction

A

water

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78
Q

Bryophytes usually occur in ____, ____ and ___ localities

A

damp, humid and shaded

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79
Q

Bryophytes play major ecological role in

A

plant succession

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80
Q

Plant body of bryophytes is attached to substratum by unicellular or multicellular ____

A

rhizoids

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81
Q

The ploidy of main plant body of bryophytes is

A

haploid

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82
Q

Haploid plant body of bryophytes is called

A

gametophyte

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83
Q

Sex organs of bryophytes are ___ cellular

A

multi

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84
Q

Male sex organ in bryophytes is called

A

antheridium

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85
Q

Antheridium produces biflagellated

A

antherozoids

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86
Q

Female sex organ in bryophytes is called

A

archegonium

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87
Q

Female sex organ in bryophytes is ___ shaped

A

flask

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88
Q

A multicellular body produced by fusion of male and female gametes in bryophytes is called

A

sporophyte

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89
Q

Sporophyte is attached to photosynthetic ____

A

gametophyte

90
Q

Gametophyte provides nourishment to ____

A

sporophyte

91
Q

Sporophyte produces haploid spores by the process of

A

Meiosis

92
Q

Spores produced by sporophyte in bryophytes germinate to produce ____

A

gametophyte

93
Q

Bryophytes which provide food for herbaceous animals are

A

mosses

94
Q

Peat used as a fuel is provided by

A

Sphagnum

95
Q

Bryophytes which are of great ecological importance are

A

Mosses

96
Q

Bryophytes that prevent soil erosion are ____

A

Mosses

97
Q

Bryophytes are classified as

A

liverworts and mosses

98
Q

Plant body of liverworts is usually ____

A

thalloid

99
Q

Marchantia is a _____

A

liverworth

100
Q

Thallus of liverworth is ____

A

dorsiventral

101
Q

Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place ___ of thallus

A

fragmentation

102
Q

Specialised structures for asexual reproduction in liverworts is _____

A

gemmae

103
Q

Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds, which develop in small repectales called

A

gemma cups

104
Q

Gemma cups in liverworts are located on ___

A

thalli

105
Q

Sporophyte gets differentiated into ______, ____ and ____

A

foot, septa and capsule

106
Q

Spores within the sporophyte capsule are produced by which process?

A

Meiosis

107
Q

In liverworts, spores released by sporophytes germinate tp form _____

A

free - living gametophyte

108
Q

The predominant stage of life cycle of moss is the ___

A

gametophyte

109
Q

First stage of life cycle of gametophyte of moss is

A

protonema

110
Q

Protonema stage develops directly from _____

A

spore

111
Q

Creeping, green, branched and frequently filamentous stage of moss is called

A

Protonema

112
Q

The second stage in life cycle of moss is

A

leafy stage

113
Q

Leafy stage in mosses develops from _____ as a lateral bud

A

secondary protonema

114
Q

Upright structure with slender axes and spirally arranged and spirally arranged leaves characteristics of

A

Leafy stage of moss gametophyte

115
Q

The stage in life cycle of moss gametophyte bearing sex organs is ____

A

leafy stage

116
Q

Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by ___ and ____ in the secondary protonema

A

fragmentation and budding

117
Q

Bryophyte which has elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal and structure of sporophyte is

A

Mosses

118
Q

Three examples of mosses are

A

Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum

119
Q

Horsetails and ferns belong to division -

A

Pteridophytes

120
Q

Plants which are usually grown as ornamentals but are also used for medicinal purpose and as soil binders are

A

Pteridophytes

121
Q

Pteridophytes were first terrestrial plants to possess which tissues?

A

Vascular tissues

122
Q

Pteridophytes are usually found in

A

cool, damp, shady places

123
Q

Main plant body in pteridophytes is

A

sporophyte

124
Q

Pteridophytes have true root, stem and leaves with well - differentiated ____ tissues

A

Vascular

125
Q

The sporophyte bear sporongia that are subtended by leaf-like appendages called

A

Sporophylls

126
Q

Sporophylls form distinct compact structures called

A

strobili

127
Q

Two pteridophytes which possess cones are

A

Selaginella and Equisetum

128
Q

Spores are produced by meiosis in

A

spore mother cells

129
Q

In pteridophytes, spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, small but multicellular, free - living gametophyte called

A

prothallus

130
Q

In pteridophytes, gametophytes bear male and female sex organs called

A

antheridia and archegonia

131
Q

_____ is essential for transfer for antherozoids in pteridophytes

A

water

132
Q

Dominant phase of life cycle of pteridophytes is

A

Sporophyte

133
Q

Majority of the pteridophytes bear similar kind of spores, thus called

A

homosporous

134
Q

Two heterosporous pteridophytes are

A

selaginella and salvinia

135
Q

Megaspores germinates and gives rise to ____ gametophyte

A

female

136
Q

Development of zygotes takes place within female gametophytes in which plants?

A

Pteridophytes

137
Q

Four classes of pteridophytes are namely

A

Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenospsida and Pteropsida

138
Q

A pteridophytes belonging to class Psilopsida is

A

Psilotum

139
Q

Selaginella and Lycopodium belonging to class

A

Lycopsida

140
Q

Give examples of two pteridophytes of class Lycopsida

A

Selaginella and Lycopodium

141
Q

Equisetum belongs to class

A

Sphenopsida

142
Q

Name three pteridophytes of class Pteropsida

A

Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum

143
Q

The plants in which ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, both before and after fertilization, are called

A

Gymnosperms

144
Q

One of the tallest tree species of gymnosperms is

A

Sequoia

145
Q

The type of roots present in gynosperms are

A

Tap roots

146
Q

A gymnosperm having fungal association of its root with mycorrhiza is

A

Pinus

147
Q

Coralloid roots of gymnosperm are associated with N2 - fixing cyanobacteria?

A

Cycas

148
Q

Cycas possesses small specialised roots called

A

Coralloid roots

149
Q

In cycas, which type of leaves persists for a few years?

A

pinnate leaves

150
Q

Needle - like leaves are present in which gymnosperms ?

A

Conifers

151
Q

In order to reduce water loss, leaves of conifers have ____ cuticle and ____ stomata

A

thick, sunken

152
Q

Gymnosperms produce haploid megaspores and microspores, thus are called

A

Heterosporous

153
Q

In gymnosperms, spores are produced within sporangia which are borne on ____

A

sporophylls

154
Q

In gymnosperms, sporophylls are arranged spirally along an axis to form

A

lax or compact strobili or cones

155
Q

Strobili bearing microsporangia is called

A

Microsporangiate

156
Q

Microsporangiate is also called

A

Male strobili

157
Q

The reduced male gametophyte of gymnosperms is called

A

pollen grain

158
Q

In gymnosperm, development of pollen grains take place within ___

A

microsporangia

159
Q

Cones bearing megasporophylls ovules of gymnosperms are called

A

Macrosporangiate

160
Q

Macrosporangiate is called

A

Female strobili

161
Q

Male and female gametophytes are present on separate trees in which gymnosperms?

A

Cycas

162
Q

Male and female gametophytes are present on same trees in which gymnosperms?

A

Pinus

163
Q

____ divides meiotically to form megaspores

A

megaspore mother cell

164
Q

In gymnosperms, one megaspore mother cell divides to form -

A

4 megaspores

165
Q

In gymnosperms, one of the megaspores enclosed within the megasporangium develops into multicellular female gametophyte bearing ____

A

archegonia

166
Q

In gymnosperms, gametophytes remain within the ____

A

sporangia

167
Q

Pollen grains in gymnosperms are released from ____

A

Microsporangium

168
Q

In angiosperms, pollen grains and ovules are developed in specialised structures called

A

Flowers

169
Q

In angiosperms, seeds are enclosed in

A

Fruits

170
Q

The smallest angiosperm is

A

Wolffia

171
Q

An angiosperm with tall trees upto 100 metres is

A

Eucalyptus

172
Q

Angiosperms are divided into two classes, namely

A

Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons

173
Q

Angiosperms characterised by two cotyledons and reticulate venetion in leaves are

A

Dicotyledons

174
Q

Dicotyledons bear ____ flowers

A

tetramerous or pentamerous

175
Q

Angiosperms possessing parallel venation in their seeds are

A

Monocotyledons

176
Q

Monocots bear ____ flowers

A

trimerous

177
Q

Male sex organ of a flower is

A

stamen

178
Q

Within which structure of flower does pollen mother cells divide to produce microspores ?

A

Anther

179
Q

Pollen mother cells divide by ___ to produce microspores

A

meiosis

180
Q

Female sex organ of a flower is -

A

pistil

181
Q

Pistil is composed of ___, ____ and ____

A

stigma, style and ovary

182
Q

Ovules in flowers are present inside ___

A

ovary

183
Q

Megaspore mother cell undergo meiosis to give rise to?

A

four haploid megaspores

184
Q

How many megaspores out of four divide to form embryo sac?

A

1

185
Q

Three - celled egg apparatus in embryo consists of ____ and ____

A

one egg cell and two synergids

186
Q

Embryo sac consists of -

A

Three - celled egg apparatus, Three antipodal cells and two polar nuclei

187
Q

In embryo sac, polar nuclei fuse to produce ?

A

diploid secondary nucleus

188
Q

Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma is called

A

Pollination

189
Q

Pollen grains germinate on which part of pistil?

A

stigma

190
Q

Number of male gametes discharged by pollen tube into embryo sac are

A

two male gametes

191
Q

One male gamete fuses with agg cell to form

A

zygote

192
Q

Zygote is formed by the process of

A

syngamy

193
Q

Second male gamete fuses with ___

A

diploid secondary nucleus

194
Q

The other male gamete fuse with the diploid secondary nucleus to produce?

A

triploid primary endosperm nucleus

195
Q

PEN is formed by the process of ____

A

triple fusion

196
Q

Double fertilization involves two events, namely

A

syngamy and triple fusion

197
Q

Double fertilization is unique to which division ?

A

Angiosperms

198
Q

The structure which develops into embryo is

A

zygote

199
Q

PEN during double fertilization develops into ___

A

endosperm

200
Q

Endosperm provides nourishment to ____

A

developing embryo

201
Q

The cells of embryo sac which disintegrate after fertilization are

A

synergids and antipodals

202
Q

In angiosperms, ovules develop into ____

A

seeds

203
Q

In angiosperms, which structure develops into fruit?

A

ovaries

204
Q

The haploid plant body that produces gametes by the mitosis is called

A

Gametophyte

205
Q

After fertilization, zygote divides mitosis to produce diplod plant body called

A

Sporophyte

206
Q

Sporophytic generation is represented only by one - celled zygote in plants with ____ life cycle

A

haplontic

207
Q

The dominant phase of life cycle in haplontic plants is free-living

A

gametophyte

208
Q

Volvos and spirogyra represents which type of life cycle on the basis of alternation of generations?

A

haplontic

209
Q

Name 3 plants possessing haplontic life cycle

A

volvox, spirogyra and chlamydomonas

210
Q

The diploid sporophyte is sporophyte, photosynthetic, independent phase of the plant inwhich type of life cycle?

A

Diplontic

211
Q

In diplontic plants, gametophytic phase is represented by

A

haploid gametophyte

212
Q

The types of life cycle fucus possesses is

A

diplontic

213
Q

Gymnosperms and angiosperms follow which type of life cycle with some variations?

A

diplontic

214
Q

Haplo - diplontic phase is possessed by

A

bryophytes and pteridophytes

215
Q

Dominant phase of life cycle in bryophytes is represented by

A

haploid gametophyte

216
Q

Haploid gametophyte in bryophytes alternates with

A

short lived multicellular sporophyte

217
Q

The dominant phase in life cycle of pteridophytes is

A

diploid sporophyte

218
Q

In pteridophytes, gametophytic phase exists as

A

independent and short - livid haploid gametophyte

219
Q

Name two alga which exhibit haplo - diplontic phase of life cycle

A

Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia

220
Q

Examples of Gymnosperm whose stems are brached

A

Pinus and Cedrus

221
Q

Examples of Gymnosperms whose stems are branched

A

Cycas

bio flashcards 2024 (8 decks)

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