Plant Kingdom Flashcards
Five kingdom classification was given by-
R.H. Whittaker
Five kingdoms listed under Whittaker classification are-
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia and Plantae
Cyanobacteria is classified under kingdom-
Monera
The divisions under kingdom Plantae are -
Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Plant classification system given by Linnaeus was based mainly on ___ or on ___
Vegetative characters or on the androecium structure
Classification system based on internal structure like embryology, phytochemistry, etc was given by
George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker
Phylogenetic classification systems are based on ___
Evolutionary relationships
In ___ taxonomy, numbers and codes are assigned to all characters
Numerical
The taxonomy which is based on chromosome number, structure and behaviour is called
Cytotaxonomy
Taxonomy which includes chemical constitutes for classification
chemotaxonomy
Simple chlorophyll bearing, thalloid, aquatic and autotrophic organisms are called
Algae
Apart from water, algae is available in habitats like ____
moist stones, soil and wood
Algae live in association with fungi as
Lichens
Name alga which exists in colonial form
Volvox
Name any two filamentous algae
Ulothrix and Spirogyra
Modes of reproduction in Algae are
Vegetative, sexual and asexual
Vegetative reproduction in algae occurs by
Fragmentation
Most common type of asexually reproducing spores in algae are
Zoospores
Gametes are flagellated and similar in size in ___
Ulothrix/ Chlamydomonas
Gametes of Spirogyra are ___
Non-motile
Fusion of two gametes similar in size is called
isogamy
Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size is called
anisogamy
Fusion of large non-motile female gametes with small motile male gametes is called
Oogamous
Two algae reproducing by oogamy are
volvox and fucus
An algae reproducing by anisogamy is
Eudorina
The organism which is primary producers of compounds forming basis of food cycles of aquatic animals are
Algae
Three genus of marine algae used as food are
Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum
Water holding substances produced by algae are called
hydrocolloids
Hydro-colloid-algin is produced by ____ algae
brown
Which hydrocolloid is produced by red algae?
Carrageen
Gelidium and Gracilaria are producers of ___
Agar
A unicellular alga rich in proteins used as a food supplement by space travellers is
Chlorella
Algae is divided into three main classes, namely
Chlorophyceae, Phaephyceae, Rhodophyceae
Members of chlorophyceae are commonly called
green algae
Members of chlorophyceae are green due to the presence of pigments-
chlorophyll a and b
Outer and inner layer of green algal cell is __ and ___ respectively
Pectose, cellulose
Most of the members of chlorophyceae possess storage bodies located in chloroplasts called
Pyrenoids
Pyrenoids contains ___ besides ___
Proteins; starch
Chlorophyceae reproduces vegetatively by ____ and by formation of ____
Fragmentation and spores
Asexual reproduction in green algae occurs by
Zoospores
Sexual reproduction is green algae can be through
isogamy, anisogamy or oogamy
Name 3 green algae
Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix/ Spirogyra/ Chara
Members of Phaeophyceae are also called
brown algae
Brown algae is usually found in ___
marine habitats
Name the filamentous brown algae
Ectocarpus
A branched form of brown algae reaching upto 100 metres is ___
kelps
Pigments possessed by brown algae are
chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids and xanthophylls
Colour of brown algae depends on the amount of ___ present
xanthophyll pigment fucoxanthin
Xanthophyll pigment present in brown algae is
fucoxanthin
Food in brown algae is stored as ___
complex carbohydrates
Carbohydrates in brown algae is present in the form of
laminarin or mannitol
The gelatin coating covering cellulosic wall of brown algae is ___
algin
Protoplast of brown algae consists of ___, ___ and ___
plastid, central vacuole and nucleus
Plant body of brown algae is attached to substratum by
holdfast
The stalk of brown algae is called
Stipe
Leaf like photosynthetic organ of brown algae is called
frond
Vegetative reproduction in brown algae takes place by ___
Fragmentation
Asexual reproduction in brown algae takes place with the help of ___
biflagellate zoospore
Biflagellate zoospores of brown algae are __ shaped
pear
Sexual reproduction in brown algae may be
isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous
Union of gametes in brown algae takes place in ____
water
Attachment of flagella on the body of gametes of brown algae is ____
lateral
Five examples of algae belonging to Phaeophyceae are
Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum and Fucus
Members of rhodophyceae are commonly called
red algae
Dominant pigment in red algae is
r-phycoerythin
Algae is found in warmer regions in
Rhodophyceae
The algae found in both well-lighted region close to the surface as well as at greater depths are
Red algae
The red thalli of most of the red algae are
Multicellular
Food in red alage is stored in the form of ___
floridean starch
Structure of which starch resembles amylopectin and glycogen ?
floridean starch
Asexual reproduction in red algae occurs by ____ spores
non-motile
Sexual reproduction in red algae takes place by ____
Non-motile gametes
Sexual reproduction in red algae is ____
oogamous
4 examples of red algae are
Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria and Gelidium
____ includes the various mosses and liverworts that are found commonly growing in ____ areas in hills
Bryophytes; moist shaded
Bryophytes are called ___ of plant kingdom
Amphibians
Bryophytes are dependent on ___ for sexual reproduction
water
Bryophytes usually occur in ____, ____ and ___ localities
damp, humid and shaded
Bryophytes play major ecological role in
plant succession
Plant body of bryophytes is attached to substratum by unicellular or multicellular ____
rhizoids
The ploidy of main plant body of bryophytes is
haploid
Haploid plant body of bryophytes is called
gametophyte
Sex organs of bryophytes are ___ cellular
multi
Male sex organ in bryophytes is called
antheridium
Antheridium produces biflagellated
antherozoids
Female sex organ in bryophytes is called
archegonium
Female sex organ in bryophytes is ___ shaped
flask
A multicellular body produced by fusion of male and female gametes in bryophytes is called
sporophyte
Sporophyte is attached to photosynthetic ____
gametophyte
Gametophyte provides nourishment to ____
sporophyte
Sporophyte produces haploid spores by the process of
Meiosis
Spores produced by sporophyte in bryophytes germinate to produce ____
gametophyte
Bryophytes which provide food for herbaceous animals are
mosses
Peat used as a fuel is provided by
Sphagnum
Bryophytes which are of great ecological importance are
Mosses
Bryophytes that prevent soil erosion are ____
Mosses
Bryophytes are classified as
liverworts and mosses
Plant body of liverworts is usually ____
thalloid
Marchantia is a _____
liverworth
Thallus of liverworth is ____
dorsiventral
Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place ___ of thallus
fragmentation
Specialised structures for asexual reproduction in liverworts is _____
gemmae
Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds, which develop in small repectales called
gemma cups
Gemma cups in liverworts are located on ___
thalli
Sporophyte gets differentiated into ______, ____ and ____
foot, septa and capsule
Spores within the sporophyte capsule are produced by which process?
Meiosis
In liverworts, spores released by sporophytes germinate tp form _____
free - living gametophyte
The predominant stage of life cycle of moss is the ___
gametophyte
First stage of life cycle of gametophyte of moss is
protonema
Protonema stage develops directly from _____
spore
Creeping, green, branched and frequently filamentous stage of moss is called
Protonema
The second stage in life cycle of moss is
leafy stage
Leafy stage in mosses develops from _____ as a lateral bud
secondary protonema
Upright structure with slender axes and spirally arranged and spirally arranged leaves characteristics of
Leafy stage of moss gametophyte
The stage in life cycle of moss gametophyte bearing sex organs is ____
leafy stage
Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by ___ and ____ in the secondary protonema
fragmentation and budding
Bryophyte which has elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal and structure of sporophyte is
Mosses
Three examples of mosses are
Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum
Horsetails and ferns belong to division -
Pteridophytes
Plants which are usually grown as ornamentals but are also used for medicinal purpose and as soil binders are
Pteridophytes
Pteridophytes were first terrestrial plants to possess which tissues?
Vascular tissues
Pteridophytes are usually found in
cool, damp, shady places
Main plant body in pteridophytes is
sporophyte
Pteridophytes have true root, stem and leaves with well - differentiated ____ tissues
Vascular
The sporophyte bear sporongia that are subtended by leaf-like appendages called
Sporophylls
Sporophylls form distinct compact structures called
strobili
Two pteridophytes which possess cones are
Selaginella and Equisetum
Spores are produced by meiosis in
spore mother cells
In pteridophytes, spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, small but multicellular, free - living gametophyte called
prothallus
In pteridophytes, gametophytes bear male and female sex organs called
antheridia and archegonia
_____ is essential for transfer for antherozoids in pteridophytes
water
Dominant phase of life cycle of pteridophytes is
Sporophyte
Majority of the pteridophytes bear similar kind of spores, thus called
homosporous
Two heterosporous pteridophytes are
selaginella and salvinia
Megaspores germinates and gives rise to ____ gametophyte
female
Development of zygotes takes place within female gametophytes in which plants?
Pteridophytes
Four classes of pteridophytes are namely
Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenospsida and Pteropsida
A pteridophytes belonging to class Psilopsida is
Psilotum
Selaginella and Lycopodium belonging to class
Lycopsida
Give examples of two pteridophytes of class Lycopsida
Selaginella and Lycopodium
Equisetum belongs to class
Sphenopsida
Name three pteridophytes of class Pteropsida
Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum
The plants in which ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, both before and after fertilization, are called
Gymnosperms
One of the tallest tree species of gymnosperms is
Sequoia
The type of roots present in gynosperms are
Tap roots
A gymnosperm having fungal association of its root with mycorrhiza is
Pinus
Coralloid roots of gymnosperm are associated with N2 - fixing cyanobacteria?
Cycas
Cycas possesses small specialised roots called
Coralloid roots
In cycas, which type of leaves persists for a few years?
pinnate leaves
Needle - like leaves are present in which gymnosperms ?
Conifers
In order to reduce water loss, leaves of conifers have ____ cuticle and ____ stomata
thick, sunken
Gymnosperms produce haploid megaspores and microspores, thus are called
Heterosporous
In gymnosperms, spores are produced within sporangia which are borne on ____
sporophylls
In gymnosperms, sporophylls are arranged spirally along an axis to form
lax or compact strobili or cones
Strobili bearing microsporangia is called
Microsporangiate
Microsporangiate is also called
Male strobili
The reduced male gametophyte of gymnosperms is called
pollen grain
In gymnosperm, development of pollen grains take place within ___
microsporangia
Cones bearing megasporophylls ovules of gymnosperms are called
Macrosporangiate
Macrosporangiate is called
Female strobili
Male and female gametophytes are present on separate trees in which gymnosperms?
Cycas
Male and female gametophytes are present on same trees in which gymnosperms?
Pinus
____ divides meiotically to form megaspores
megaspore mother cell
In gymnosperms, one megaspore mother cell divides to form -
4 megaspores
In gymnosperms, one of the megaspores enclosed within the megasporangium develops into multicellular female gametophyte bearing ____
archegonia
In gymnosperms, gametophytes remain within the ____
sporangia
Pollen grains in gymnosperms are released from ____
Microsporangium
In angiosperms, pollen grains and ovules are developed in specialised structures called
Flowers
In angiosperms, seeds are enclosed in
Fruits
The smallest angiosperm is
Wolffia
An angiosperm with tall trees upto 100 metres is
Eucalyptus
Angiosperms are divided into two classes, namely
Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons
Angiosperms characterised by two cotyledons and reticulate venetion in leaves are
Dicotyledons
Dicotyledons bear ____ flowers
tetramerous or pentamerous
Angiosperms possessing parallel venation in their seeds are
Monocotyledons
Monocots bear ____ flowers
trimerous
Male sex organ of a flower is
stamen
Within which structure of flower does pollen mother cells divide to produce microspores ?
Anther
Pollen mother cells divide by ___ to produce microspores
meiosis
Female sex organ of a flower is -
pistil
Pistil is composed of ___, ____ and ____
stigma, style and ovary
Ovules in flowers are present inside ___
ovary
Megaspore mother cell undergo meiosis to give rise to?
four haploid megaspores
How many megaspores out of four divide to form embryo sac?
1
Three - celled egg apparatus in embryo consists of ____ and ____
one egg cell and two synergids
Embryo sac consists of -
Three - celled egg apparatus, Three antipodal cells and two polar nuclei
In embryo sac, polar nuclei fuse to produce ?
diploid secondary nucleus
Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma is called
Pollination
Pollen grains germinate on which part of pistil?
stigma
Number of male gametes discharged by pollen tube into embryo sac are
two male gametes
One male gamete fuses with agg cell to form
zygote
Zygote is formed by the process of
syngamy
Second male gamete fuses with ___
diploid secondary nucleus
The other male gamete fuse with the diploid secondary nucleus to produce?
triploid primary endosperm nucleus
PEN is formed by the process of ____
triple fusion
Double fertilization involves two events, namely
syngamy and triple fusion
Double fertilization is unique to which division ?
Angiosperms
The structure which develops into embryo is
zygote
PEN during double fertilization develops into ___
endosperm
Endosperm provides nourishment to ____
developing embryo
The cells of embryo sac which disintegrate after fertilization are
synergids and antipodals
In angiosperms, ovules develop into ____
seeds
In angiosperms, which structure develops into fruit?
ovaries
The haploid plant body that produces gametes by the mitosis is called
Gametophyte
After fertilization, zygote divides mitosis to produce diplod plant body called
Sporophyte
Sporophytic generation is represented only by one - celled zygote in plants with ____ life cycle
haplontic
The dominant phase of life cycle in haplontic plants is free-living
gametophyte
Volvos and spirogyra represents which type of life cycle on the basis of alternation of generations?
haplontic
Name 3 plants possessing haplontic life cycle
volvox, spirogyra and chlamydomonas
The diploid sporophyte is sporophyte, photosynthetic, independent phase of the plant inwhich type of life cycle?
Diplontic
In diplontic plants, gametophytic phase is represented by
haploid gametophyte
The types of life cycle fucus possesses is
diplontic
Gymnosperms and angiosperms follow which type of life cycle with some variations?
diplontic
Haplo - diplontic phase is possessed by
bryophytes and pteridophytes
Dominant phase of life cycle in bryophytes is represented by
haploid gametophyte
Haploid gametophyte in bryophytes alternates with
short lived multicellular sporophyte
The dominant phase in life cycle of pteridophytes is
diploid sporophyte
In pteridophytes, gametophytic phase exists as
independent and short - livid haploid gametophyte
Name two alga which exhibit haplo - diplontic phase of life cycle
Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia
Examples of Gymnosperm whose stems are brached
Pinus and Cedrus
Examples of Gymnosperms whose stems are branched
Cycas
