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plant kingdom Flashcards

1
Q

five kingdom classification was proposed by

A

R H Whittaker

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2
Q

kingdom plantae consists of

A

algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms

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3
Q

the earliest system of classification was based mainly on

A

gross superficial morphological characters like habit, color, number of leaves,, they were mainly based on vegetative characters or androecium structure (based on LINNAEUS)

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4
Q

what was the system given by linnaeus to classify plants called and why was it discarded

A

called artifical system of classification and it was mainly based on vegetative characters or androecium structure,,,, it was discarded bc it gave equal weightage to both sexual anf vegetative characters which is wrong bc vegetative characyers are easily affected by environment

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5
Q

natural classification system

A

based on natural affinities among the organisms and consider not only the outer but internal features like ultra structure, anatomy, embroyology and phytochemistry

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6
Q

the natural classification system was given by

A

george bentham and joseph dalton hooker

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7
Q

what is the current acceptable system of classification

A

phylogenetic classification systems based on evolutionary rs between various organisms

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8
Q

algae habitat

A

largely aquatic (both freshwater nd marine) ,, also occur in a variety of other habitats like moist stones, soils and wood ,, some of them also occur in association w lichen and on sloth bear

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9
Q

colonial forms of algae ex

A

volvox

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10
Q

filamentous form of algae

A

ulothrix and spirogyra

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11
Q

a few of _ forms of algae form _ which are massive plant bodies

A

marine
kelps

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12
Q

algae reproduce by —

A

sexual
asexual and
vegetative forms

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13
Q

vegetative reproduction in algae

A

by fragmentation,, each fragment develops into a thallus

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14
Q

asexual reproduction in algae

A

by prodn of different types of spores, most common of which is zoospore.

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15
Q

algal zoospore

A

helps in asexual reproduction
flaggelated (motile) and on germination gives rise to new plants

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16
Q

sexual reproduction in algae

A

through fusion of 2 gametes

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17
Q

algal sexual reproduction where gametes are similar in size and flaggelated

A

ulothrix

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18
Q

algal sexual reproduction where gametes are similar in size and non-flagelated

A

spirogyra

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19
Q

ulothrix and spirogyra are examples of what kind of reproduction

A

sexual isogamous

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20
Q

anisogamous reproduction def. and example in algae

A

fusion of two gametes disimilar in size. eudorina

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21
Q

oogamous sexual reproduction in algae

A

volvox and fucus

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22
Q

atleast _ the toltal co2 fixation is carried out by _ through photosynthesis

A

half
algae

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23
Q

many species of _, _ and _ are among the 70 species of _ algae that are used as food

A

porphyra
sargassum
laminaria
marine

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24
Q

certain marine _ and _ algae produce large amoutn of hydrocolloids examples _ and _

A

brown and red algae
algin (brown) nd carrageen (red)

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25
agar, a commercial products used to grow microbes and to make icecreams and jellies is obtained from algae -
gracilaria and gelidium
26
a unicellular algae rich in _ that is also used by space travellers as a food supplement is
protein chlorella
27
chlorophycae pigment dominance
chlorophyll a and b
28
most of the members of chlorophycae have storage bodies called _ in the _
pyrenoids chloroplast
29
pyrenoids generally found in
chlorophycae
30
pyrenoids contain
starch mostly also protein
31
chlorophycae cell wall condition
usually have a rigid cell wall inner layer of cellulose outer layer of pectose
32
commonly found green algae
chlamydomonas volvox ulothrix chara chlamydomonas
33
reproduction situation in green algae
veg. rep - fragmentation or by formation of different types of spores asexual rep - flagellated zoospores produced in zoosporangia sexual reproduction - shows considerable variation and could be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous
34
phaeophycae primary habitat
marine
35
heavy variation in size and form from ectocarpous to kelps is shown by which algae
brown
36
ectocarpous
filamentous brown algae
37
kelps
profusely branched form of brown algae and can reach upto 100 metres
38
brown algae pigments
chlorophyll a and c caretenoid xanthophyll
39
the variation in color of brown algae from olive green to various shades of brown depends upon the presence of
xanthophyll pigment fucoxanthin pigment
40
food in brown algae is stored in the form of
complex carbs which may be in the form of mannitol or laminarin
41
the _ cells of brown algae generally have a cellulosic wall usually covered on the outside by _ coating of _
vegetative gelatinous algin
42
frond in brown algae is a
a leaf like photosynthetic organ
43
The plant body is usually attached to the substratum by a _ and has a _ and _ and leaf like photosynthetic organ – the _.
holdfast stalk stipe frond
44
reproduction in brown algae
vegetative rep asexual sexual
45
vegetative rep in brown algae
fragmentation
46
asexual rep in brown algae
biflagellate zoospore that are pear shaped and have two unequal laterally attached flagella
47
sexual rep in brown algae
could be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous
48
union of gametes for brown algal sexual rep could take place in - also describe the physical form of these sexual gametes -
within water or within oogonium (oogamous species) gametes are pyriform (pear shaped) and have two laterally attached flagellas
49
examples of brown algae
ectocarpus dictoyota laminaria sargassum fucus
50
rhodophycaea dominant pigment
red pigment, r-phycoerythrin
51
red algae habitat
marine with greater concentration found in the warm water occur both at well-lighted areas near the surface and also at the depths
52
the red thalli of most red algae are unicellular/multicellular??
multicellular,,, some of them have complex body organization
53
food in red algae is stored as
floridean starch which is very similar to amylopectin and glycogen in structure
54
vegetative rep in red algae
fragmentation
55
asexual rep in red algae
by non motile spores
56
sexual rep in red algae
by non motile gametes,, sex rep is oogamous and is achieved by complex post fertilization developments
57
examples of red algae
polysiphonia porphyra gracilaria gelidium
58
bryophytes include _ and _ that are commonly found in growing in
mosses and liverworts moist shaded areas in the hills
59
marchantia
a liverwort
60
funaria
moss
61
sphagnum
moss
62
amphibians of the plant kingdom and why
bryophytes bc they can live on soil but are dependent on soil for sexual reproduction
63
which plant kingdom thingy plays an important role in plant succession on bare rocks/soil
bryophytes
64
the body of bbryophytes is attached to the substratum by unicellular/multicellular/either (???) _
either rhizoids
65
main plant body of bryo is halpoid/diploid
haploid
66
the main plant body of bryo is _ and produces gametes that's why it's called _
haploid gametophyte
67
sex organs in bryo are multicellular/unicellular
multicellular
68
male sex organ in byro is called and it produces
antheridium biflaggeletes antherezoids
69
female sexorgan in bryo and it produces
archegonium which is flask shaped single egg
70
what happens after a zygote is formed after the fusion of antherzoid and egg in bryo
it does not undergo reductional division immeditaely and produce a multicellular body called sporophyte
71
bryohyte sporophyte is
not free-living but attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte and derives nourishment from it.
72
_ cells of sporophytes undergo _ to porduce _ spores which germinate to produce _
some reductional division haploid gametophyte
73
plant body of a livermort is
thalloid
74
loverwort thallus is
dorsiventral closely appressed to the substrate
75
the leafy members of liverworts have _ on the _
tiny leaf like appendages in two rows on the stem like structures
76
asexual rep in liverworts
takes place by fragmentation of the thalli or the formation of specialized structure called gammae
77
gammae are _ which develop in _ located on the _
green multicellular asexual buds w hich develop in small receptacles called gemma cups located on the thalli
78
liverworts sexual rep
male and female sex organs are produced either on the same or on different thalli
79
liverworts sporophytes is differentiated into
foot seta capsule
80
in liverworts,, after meiosis, spores are produced in the _ which germinate to produce
capsule free living gametophyte
81
the predominant stage in the life cycle of a moss is a _ which consists of how many stages
gametophyte 2, protonema, leafy stage
82
protonema of mosses
develops directly from a spore creeping, green, branched and frequently filamentous stage
83
leafy stage of mosses
develops from the secondary protonema as a lateral bud consists of upright slender axes bearing spirally arranged leaves attached to the soil through multicellular rhizoids bears the sex organs
84
the leafy stage of mosses is attached to the soil through multicellular/unicellular/either _
multicellular rhizoids
85
vegetative rep in mosses
fragmentation and budding in the secondary protonema
86
budding in the mosses occur in the
secondary protonema
87
in sexual rep in mosses the sex organs _ and _ are produced at the _
antheredia archegonia apex of the leafy shoot
88
in mosses,, after fertiliazation the zygote develops
into a sporophyte consisting of a foot capsule and seta
89
the spoophyte of _ is more elaborate than _ in bryo
mosses liverworts
90
out of mosses and liverworts, which one has an elaborate network of spore dispersal
mosses
91
examples of mosses
funaria sphagnum polytrichum
92
the pteridophytes include
horsetails and ferns
93
pterido uses
used as medicinal purposes soil binders grown as ornamentals
94
evolutionary, _ are the first terrestial plants to posses vascular tissues
xylem and phloem
95
pterido are found in _ but they can also flourish in _
cool damp shady sandy soil condn
96
dominant phase in the life cycle of bryo and pterido
gametophytes sporophyte
97
the main plant body of pterido is _ and it is differentiated into
sporophyte true stem and leaves
98
microphylls
found in pterido they are small leaves found in selanginella
99
macrophylls
found in pterido they are large leaves found in ferns
100
sporophylls
the sporophytes of pterido bear sporangia that are subtended by leaf-like appendages called sporophylls
101
strobili / cones ??
in some cases,, sporophylles may form distinct compact structures called strobili/cones as in selaginella and equisetum
102
the spores in pterido give germinate to give rise to
inconspicous, small but multicellular, free living, mostly photosynthetic gametophytes called prothallus
103
prothallus
the spores in pterido germtinte to give rise to prothallus which is small, multicellular, free living and a photpsynthetic gametophyte
104
prothallus require these conditions to grow
cool, damp and shady places
105
reason why pterido are limited to certain geo areas only
bc of the specific restricted conditions in which prothallus grows and the requirement of water for fertilization
106
the zygote that's formed after fertilization of male gamete w the egg, produces
a multi cellular well differentiated sporophyte which is the dominant phase of pterido
107
in majority of pterido most spores are of _ kind. exceptions-
homosporous selaginella salvinia
108
the _ and _ germinate and giev rise to femal and male gametophyte resp. in pterido
megaspores microspores
109
the _ gametophyte in pterido are retained on the parent _ for how long
female sporophyte variable periods
110
further classes of pterido
psilopsida (psilotum) lycopsida (selaginella, lycopodium) sphenopsida (equisetum) pteropsida (dryopteris, pteris, adiantum)

categorical studies (3 decks)

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