biological classification Flashcards
who was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification,, how did he classify various organisms
aristotle
he used simple morphological characters to classify plants into trees, shrubs and herbs
he divided animals into two groups, those who had red blood and those who did not
in whose time was a two kingdom system of classification was relevant
linnaeus
five kingdom classification was proposed by,, name the included kingdoms
R.H whittaker
monera
protista
fungi
plantae
animalia
the main criteria for classification under 5 kingdom system was
cell structure
thallus organisation
mode of nutrition
reproduction
phylogenetic relationships
moneral cell wall
non-cellulosic
made up of polysaccharide and amino acids
do all protists have a cell wall
present in some, not all of them
fungal cell wall
present
w/o cellulose
body organisation of the kingdoms present in 5 kingdom system
monera- cellular
protista - cellular
fungi - multicellular (loose tissue)
plantae - multicellular (tissue/organ)
animal - multicellular (tissue/organ/organ system)
monera mode of nutrition
autotrophic (chemo and photo)
heterotrophic (saphro and parasitic)
protista mode of nutrition
autotrophic (photo)
heterotrophic
fungi mode of nutrition
hetero (saphro and parasitic)
animal mode of nutrition
hetero (holozoic and saphro etc)
phylogenetic means
based on evolutionary relationships
sole members of kingdom monera
bacteria
most abundant micro-organisms
bacteria
an endospore can generally be seen in which of the bacterial shape
bacilli
which bacteria shape generally has flagellum
spirilla
most extensive metabolic activity can be expected to be shown by which group pf micro-organims
bacteria
the bacterial structure is very simple, they are also very simple in behavorial terms, true or false
false,, despite having a simple structure they are very complex in behaviour
vast majority of bacteria have what kind of mode of nutrition
heterotrophic
kingdom monera can be further divided into
archaebacteri
eubacteria
archaebacteria live in
they live in some of the harshest environments
like methanogens (marshy areas)
halophiles (salty areas)
thermoacidophiles (hot springs)
archaebacteria differ from other bacteria as
different cell wall structure that helps them to survive in the extreme conditions they live in
methanogens
can be found in the gut of several ruminants
responsible for producing methane gas (biogas) from the dung of these animals
eubacteria examples
cyanobacteria/ BGA
and mycoplasma
cyanobacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen
nostoc and anabaena
eubacteria are characterised by
a rigid cell wall and a flagellum if motile
cyanobacteria mode of nutrition
photosynthetic autotrophs
cyanobacteria has which chlorophyll
A
cyanobacteria are
a) unicellular/ colonial/ filamentous?
b) fresh water/ marine/ terrestial?
all are correct
they’re all of the options
cyanobacteria colonies are generally surrounded by
gelationous sheath
which moneral organism often form bloom in polluted water bodies
cyanobacteria (eubacteria)
some of _ bacteria can fix atomospheric nitrogen in specialized cells called _ , for example _ and _
cyanobacteria
heterocysts
nostoc
anabaena
chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria play a great role in recycling nutrients like
nitrogen
phosphorus
iron
sulphur
majority of heterotrophic bacteria are important _
decomposers
heterotrophic bacteria help in human affairs like
making curd from millk
prodn of antibiotics
fixing nitrogen in legume roots
citrus canker disese is caused by
bacteria
bacteria mainly reproduce by _
in unfavourable conditions they reproduce by _
fission
spores
many mycoplasma are pathogenic in plants and animals, true or false
true
cyanobacteria is a terrestial _
algae
boundary of which kingdom is not very well defined
protista
protista can be further divided into
chrysophytes
dinoflagelletes
euglenoids
slime moulds
protozoans
protists reproduce _ and _ by a process invlolving _ and _
asexually
sexually
cell fusion
zygote formation
members of protozoa are primarliy _ (where do they live)
aquatic
chrysophytes involve
diatoms
golden algae (desmids)
microscopic organisms that float passively on water currents
planktons (chrysophytes)
cell walls of diatoms
cell wall form two thin overlapping shells that fit together to form a soap box like shape
walls are embedded with silica and so they are indestructible
silica soap box cell wall
diatoms
chief producers of the ocean
diatoms
diatomaceous earth is used for
this soil is gritty and so its used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups
dinoflagelletes are mostly _ (habitat)
and _ (mode of nutrition)
marine
photosynthetic
which protistans can appear different colors depending on the pigments present in them
dinoflagellets
dinoflagelltes cell wall
cell wall has stiff cellulosic plates on the outer surface
flagella situation in dinoflagelletes
most of them have two flagellas, one lies longitudinally and the other transversely in the furrow between the wall plates
red tides is because of _
harmful results of such occurence?
red dinoflagelltes called gonyaulax
toxins released by such large numbers can even kill other marine organisms like fishes
majority of them are fresh water organisms found in stagnant water
euglenoids
euglenoids are generally found in
frest stagnant water
cell wall situation in euglenoids
absent,, instead of a cell wall they have a protein rich layer called pellicle which makes their body flexible
pellicle is found in _
what is its function
euglenoids
helps make the body flexible
flagella situation in euglenoids
two flagella
one short and one long
pigments of euglenoids are
similar to those found in higher plants
euglenoid mode of nutrition
photosynthetic in presence of sunlight
heterotrophic when deprived of sunlight (predate on other organism)
slime moulds mode of nutrition
saprophytic protists
the body of which protist moves along dead twigs and leaves to engulf organic material
slime moulds
under suitable conditions, slime moulds form an aggregation called
plasmodium
plasmodium in slime moulds is formed in _ conditions
suitable
plasmodium of slime moulds can grown and spread over several feets true or false
true
what happens to plasmodium of slime moulds in unfavourable conditions
plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips which get dispersed by air currents
spores of fruiting bodies of slime moulds
they posses true walls
extremely resistant to the point where they can survive for years, even in adverse conditions
protozoan protists mode of nutrition
all of them are heterotrophs and live either as predators or parasites
primitive relative of animals
protozoan (protists)
major groups of protozoans
amoeboid
flagellated
ciliated
sporozoans
marine forms of which protozoan have silica shells on their surface
amoeboid
_ form of amoeboid protozoan have silica shell on their surface
marine
entamoeba is a
amoeboid protozoan
parasite
example of amoeboid protozoan
entamoeba
parasitic forms of _ causes sleeping sickness. example-
flagellated protozoan
trypanosoma
_ form of flagellated protozoans cause sleeping sickness
parasitic
ciliated protozoans are _ (habitat) and _ (actively/passively) moving organisms because of the _
aquatic
actively
presence of thousands of cilia
ciliated protozoans have a _ that opens to the outside of the cell surface
cavity / gullet
gullet can be found in which protozoan. what is its function
ciliated
the coordinated movement of cilia helps the food laden water to move inside the gullet
ciliated protozoan example
paramoecium
malarial parasite is a
sporozoan protist
most notorious sporozoan
plasmodium (the malarial parasite)
sporozoans are characterized by
diverse organisms that have an infectious spore like stage in their life cycle
wheat rust is caused by
puccinia which is a fungi
white spots on mustard leaves are due to a _
parasitic fungi,, albugo
penicillium is a _ and is used to make several _
fungi
antibiotics
fungi habitat and preferance of living
cosmopolitan ,, occurs in air, water, soil and on animals
prefers to live in warm hot and humid places
fungi body type and exceptions
with the exception of yeast which is unicellular, fungi are filamentous
body consist of long slender threads called hypae
network of hyphae is called
mycelium
coenocytic hyphae
some hyphae are continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm, and they are called coenocytic hyphae
if a hyphae isn’t coenocytic, then what type is it?
other hyphae have septae or cross walls in them
cell wall of fungi are made up of
chitin and polysaccharides
most fungi are _ (mode of nutrition)
heterotrophic
reproduction in fungi
1) VEGETATIVE MEANS
- fragmentation
-fission
-budding
2) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
-spores called conidia, sporangiospore or zoospore
3) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- spores called oospores, ascospores and basidiospores
the various spores for reproduction in fungi are formed in
distinct structures called fruiting bodies
sexual cycle of fungi involves the following steps
plasmogamy - fusion of protoplasms of gametes
karyogamy - fusion of nuclei
meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores
dikaryophase is seen is
ascomycetes and basidiomycetes
aseptate hyphae/coenocytic hyphae-
septate hyphae-
continuous tubes having multinucleate conditions
have cross walls or septa
aseptate hyphae are called coenocytic hyphae because
having shit ton of nuclei in the cytoplasm
phycomycetes habitat
aquatic places
decaying wood in moist and damp places
as obligate parasites on plants and animals
phycomycetes mycelium
aseptate and coenocytic
reproduction in pycomyctes and how do the spores originate
asexual reproduction by zoospores (motile) and aplanospores (non-motile)
spores are produced endogenously in sporangium
phycomycetes example
mucor
rhizopus (bread mould)
albugo (mustard leaf parasitic fungi)
sac fungi
ascomycetes
ascomycetes body type
mostly multicellular like penicillin
rarely unicellular like yeast
a coprophilous fungi is
ascomycetes
ascomycetes mycelium
branched and septate
asexual spores of ascomycetes
conidia produced exogenously on special mycelium called conidiophores
sexual spores of ascomycetes
ascospores produced endogenously in asci (sac like). the asci are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies called ascocarps
ascomycetes example
aspergillus
claviceps
neurospora
morels
truffles
penicillin
yeast
an ascomycetes used extensively in biochem and genetic work
neurospora
edible ascomycetes
morels
truffles
- they are considered delicacies
commonly known forms of basidiomycetes
mushrooms
brackets
puffballs
basidiomycetes habitat
grow in soil
on logs
tree stumps
as parasites like rusts and smuts
basidiomycetes mycelium
septate and branched
asexual spores in basidiomycetes
generally not found
common mode of reproduction in basidiomycetes
vegetative reproduction by fragmentation
sex organs are absent in basidiomycetes, how does reproducttion take place then
plasmogamy is bought about by fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes. the resultant structure is dikaryotic which ultimately gives rise to basidium. karyogamy and meiosis takes place in basidium giving rise to four basidiospores
karyogamy and meiosis takes place in _ in basidiomycetes,, and it results in _
basidium
4 basidiospores
basidiospores are produced _ (origin) on the _
exogenously
basdium
basidium are arranged in fruiting bodies called
basidiocarps
basidiomycetes example
agaricus (mushroom)
ustilago (smut)
puccinia ( wheat rust fungus)
imperfect fungi,, why?
deuteromycetes
bc only the asexual vegetative phases of these fungi are known
once perfect stages (sexual) of deuteromycetes were identified, they were often moved to
ascomycetes and basidiomycetes
deuteromycetes mycelium
branched and septate
deuteromycetes reproduce only by -
asexual spores known as conidia
large number of deuteromycetes are _ while some of them are _ and _
decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling
saphrophytes and parasites
large number of deuteromycetes are _ while some of them are _ and _
decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling
saphrophytes and parasites
deuteromycetes help in
mineral cycling
examples of deuteromycetes
alternaria
colletotrichum
trichoderma
what forms the basis of division of kingdom fungi into various classes
morphology of mycelium
mode of spore formation
fruiting bodies
bladderworts are
insectivorous plants
cuscuta is a
parasitic plant
venus fly trap is a
insectivorous plant
kingdom animalia store food reserves as
glycogen or fat
acellular organisms that were excluded from the 5 system classification
also cellular organisms that were excluded
viruses and viroids
lichens
viruses are characterised by
having an inert crystalline structure OUTSIDE the living cell
the name virus was given by _ and it means _.
what did the person do that lead him to viruses
Psteus. D. J. Ivanowsky
venomous fluid
he recognized the causative agents of the mosaic disease of tobacco
‘contagium vivum fluidum’
m.w. beijerinek demonstrated that the extract of the infected plant of tobacco could cause disease in healthy plants and called the fluid as ‘contagium vivum fluidum’ which means infectious living fluid
who showed that virus could be crystallized and crystals contain largely of proteins
w.m stanley
virus basically contains
proteins
either RNA or DNA
- hence a virus is a nucleoprotein and the genetic material is infectious
virus that infects plants
virus that infects animals
bacteriophage
single stranded RNA
either single or double stranded RNA // double stranded DNA
usually double stranded DNA
protein coat of virus is called _ and its made of _ .
capsid
capsomeres
function of capsid
protects the nucleic acid
capsomere arrangement
helical or polyhedral geometric form
viroids was discovered by
T.O. Diener
viroid characters
smaller than virus
free RNA
lacked the protein coat found in virus
RNA is of low molecular weight
viroids cause
potato spindle tuber disease
prions are basically
abnormally folded proteins
prions cause the diseases
mad cow disease or BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy)
CJD disease in humans (Cr-Jacob disease) ,, this is caused by the analogous variant of the same microbe that causes BSE
most fungi are saphrophytes, true or false
true
compare size of prions and viroids to that of virus
prions- similar in size to virus
viroids- smaller than virus
