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Plans bio 👩‍🔬 > Plant Growth & Differentiation > Flashcards

Plant Growth & Differentiation Flashcards

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1
Q

what is growth and differentiation meaning

A

Growth: increasing in size
• Differentiation:cell specialization for functions

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2
Q

what is Apical meristems growth

A

-has actively dividing cells
-responsible for primary growth
-at top of root

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3
Q

what is Lateral meristems growth

A

actively dividing cells
-produce secondary growth
-increases width of plant)

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4
Q

what is primary growth

A

Increases length of plant shoot or root
• Cells divide by mitosis and lengthen then differentiate

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5
Q

when does secondary growth happed and what is produced

A
  • happens in woody species after first year
    • Secondary tissues produced
    • Ex. vascular cambium, cork cambium
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6
Q

how do plants detect changes in light conditions

A

• Photoreceptors detect changes in light and signal plant to change its growth or development

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7
Q

what is Photoperiodism:?
s

A

Photoperiodism: plant’s response to changes in day length

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8
Q

what are Short-day plants

A

flower when the days are short

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9
Q

what are long day plants

A

flowers when there are 12 h or more of day light

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10
Q

what are day neutral plants

A

plants not affected by day length

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11
Q

what do plants make from from inorganic substances

A

• Plants make carbohydrates, fats and proteins from
inorganic substances called macronutrients and
micronutrients

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12
Q

what are macro nutrients? and examples

A

Macronutrients: plant nutrients needed in large
oh my God, you’re so weird quantities such as N, P, K

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13
Q

what can a deficiency of macro nutrients lead to?

A

can leads to nitrogen or magnesium deficiency can lead to chlorosis (yellowing of older leaves )

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14
Q

what are Micronutrients

A

plant nutrients needed in small quantities such as B,
Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn,, Ni, Zn(every other element )

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15
Q

what are micronutrients needed for

A

These are needed for chlorophyll synthesis, cell division and enzyme
productio

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16
Q

why do plants have Plants have optimal temperature range

A

for cellular processes

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17
Q

what does temperature control in stomata

A

controls opening and closing of stomata
which helps control transpiration

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18
Q

what is Timing of seed germination and flowering affected by

A

temperature

19
Q

what did climate change causes plants to do

A

can cause flowering to occur 5 days earlier

20
Q

what are three important roles of soil

A

• 1. Provides medium for roots to anchor;
• 2. It retains water/nutrients;
• 3. Provides roots with air

21
Q

what happens to Soil that has too much sand do

A

soil looses water quickly and plant can drown

22
Q

what is humus in soil and what does. it contain

A

decomposed organisms that contain nitrogen

23
Q

Chemicals allow plants to modify their…

A

growth and differentiation

24
Q

what is phototropism?

A

change in direction of a growing plant in
response to light. Occurs due to factor released from the tip of the plant

25
Q

what is gravitons

A

change in growth pattern in
response to gravity

ex. root grows down, shoot grows up

26
Q

what is thigmotropism?

A

• a directional change in growth
because of contact

ex. vines wrap
around other tre

27
Q

what are nastic movements? what is it caused by

A

temporary Non-directional movements
caused by turgor pressure changes (water pressure inside plant)

• e.g. mimosa plant → leaves will fold when touched and then relax

28
Q

what does auxin promote and what is it

A

• Promotes cell division and grows plant
• cells in shade have more auxin so they grow longer and bend toward the light

29
Q

what does Gibberellins promote
what is it used for
what does it stimulate

A

• Promote cell division,cell elongation and seed germination

• Used for seed germination
• Stimulates flowering and fruit production

30
Q

What does cytokinesis prevent

A

• Prevents plant aging by stoping protein breakdown

• Inhibits ethylen

31
Q

what is ethylene

A

• A gas produced by plants
• “Plant stress hormone” that protects plant

32
Q

what is Abscisic Acid (ABA) and what does it control

A

• Dormant plants

• Controls guard cells and closes stoma

33
Q

what are Rhizomes in asexual reproduction

A

Underground stems in grass

34
Q

what is corm in asexual reproduction?

A

Garlic

35
Q

where is stem tuber found in asexual reproduction?

A

Found in potatoes

36
Q

what is Stolon in asexual reproduction?

A

-slender stem that grows horizontally
-raises roots

37
Q

What is the cost of asexual reproduction in plants?

A
  • if there’s a disease outbreak
    it can kill species because everyone is
    identical and there is no genetic diversity.
38
Q

Benefits of asexual reproduction in plants

A

-all offspring will have same trait
- Takes less energy
- Only one plant is needed
-plants have higher survival rate than made by sexual reproduction

39
Q

how do you make an exact copy of a plant using asexual reproduction?

A

Grafting

40
Q

What are the costs of sexual reproduction?

A

-Need structures for sexual reproduction alone

41
Q

benefits of sexual reproduction in plants

A

-high genetic diversity

  • Sexual reproduction produces seeds
  • Seeds can remain dormant
42
Q

What three crops provide human energy needs

A

Wheat, rice, corn

43
Q

(c) Explain how to distinguish a monocot seed from a eudicot seed.

A

Dicot has bigger cotyledons and no endosperm. 2 seed leaves.

44
Q

Ordered Steps from Pollen to Seed Production

A

Pollen is produced by anther

If Cross pollination is used, pollen transfers from one plant to another.

If self pollination is used, pollen transfers to another flower on the same plant.

Pollen sticks to Stigma,grows down the style carrying two haploid sperm nuclei to ovary

when sperm joins with egg second fuses with two polar nuclei in ovule cell to form the triploid cell

When double fertilization occurs, the ovary matures as fruit containing seed

Plans bio 👩‍🔬 (4 decks)

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