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Biology 2 > Plant Form Ch 36 > Flashcards

Plant Form Ch 36 Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 systems does a vascular plant consist of

A

Root system

Shoot system

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2
Q

Vascular Plant:

Root system

A
  • Anchors the plant and is used to absorb water and ions

- Roots are less competitive with other roots from the same plant than with roots from different plants

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3
Q

Vascular Plant:

Shoot system

A
  • Consists of supporting stems, photosynthetic leaves, and reproductive flowers
  • Repetitive units consist of internode, node, leaf, and axillary bud
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4
Q

How are plant cell types distinguished

A
  • size of vacuoles
  • Living or not at maturity
  • Thickness of secretions found in their cellulose cell walls
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5
Q

Cell Wall: Primary v.s Reinforced

Describe relationship between cells.

A
  • Some cells have a primary cell wall of cellulose, synthesized at protoplast or cell membrane
  • some cells have a heavily reinforced cell wall with multiple layers of cellulose
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6
Q

Name and explain three basic tissue types

A

Dermal:

  • the outer protective covering,
  • forms the epidermis, one cell layer thick in most plants,
  • covered with a fatty cutin layer constituting the cuticle, -
  • contains special cells, including guard cells, trichomes, and root hairs

Ground:

  • functions in storage, provide structural support, photosynthesis, and secretions
  • Paired sausage-shaped cells
  • Flank a stoma – epidermal opening (Passageway for oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor)
  • Stomatal patterning genes (reveal a coordinated network of cell–cell communication that informs cells of their positions relative to other cells and determines cell fate)

Vascular: Conducts fluids (water and nutrients) and dissolves substances

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7
Q

What does tissue consist of

A

One or more cell types

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8
Q

Dermal, ground, and vascular tissue extend through what system(s)

A

Root and Shoot

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9
Q

New growth occurs at

A

Meristems

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10
Q

What are meristems?

A
  1. Clumps of small particles with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei
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11
Q

Meristems act as

A

Stem cells do in animals

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12
Q

Meristems divide to produce

A

Differentiated cell, and meristematic cell

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13
Q

Apical meristems produce

A

Extensions of shoot and root systems

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14
Q

Lateral meristems produce

A

An increase in shoot and root diameter

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15
Q

Where are apical meristems located?

What do they give rise too?

What is the apical meristem composed of?

A
  1. Tips of stems and roots
  2. Primary tissues aka primary plant body
  3. Delicate cells that need protection, root cap, and leaf primordia
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16
Q

Apical meristem:

  1. Root Cap
  2. Leaf primordia
A
  1. Protects root apical meristem

2. Protect shoot apical meristem

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17
Q

Apical meristem gives rise to the three tissue systems by first initiating _________

A

Primary Meristems

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18
Q

Apical Meristem:

Name and describe the 3 primary meristems

A

Protoderm – forms epidermis

Procambrium – produces primary vascular tissue

Ground meristem – differentiates into ground tissue

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19
Q

Describe:

intercalary meristems

A
  • Arise in stem internode

- to internode length

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20
Q

Lateral Meristems:

Where are they found?

What do they give rise too?

A
  • In plants that exhibit seconndary growth

- secondary tissues which are collectively called the secondary plant body

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21
Q

Lateral meristems:

Name two types of woody plants, and tell what they produce

A
  • Cork cambium produces outer bark

- Vascular cambium produces secondary vascular tissue
Secondary xylem is the main component of wood

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22
Q

Trichomes

A
  • Cellular or multicellular hairlike outgrowths of the epidermis
  • Keep leaf surfaces cool and reduce evaporation by covering stomatal openings
  • Some are glandular, secreting substances that deter herbivory
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23
Q

Root Hairs

A
  • Tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells
  • Greatly increase the root’s surface area and efficiency of absorption
  • Should not be confused with lateral roots
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24
Q

Ground Tissue:

Name and describe the cell types

A

Parenchyma:

  • Most common type of plant cell
  • Function in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion

Collenchyma:

  • Provide support and protection for plant organs
  • Allow bending without breaking

Sclerenchyma:

  • tough, thick walls
  • Provide support and protection (strength)
  • 2º cell walls contain lignin

Sclerids -

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25
Q

Vascular Tissue:

Xylem

A
  • Principal water-conducting tissue

- Transports water and minerals from roots to shoots

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26
Q

Vascular tissue:

Vessels

A
  • Continuous tubes of dead cylindrical cells arranged end-to-end
  • Vessel members tend to be shorter and wider than tracheids
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27
Q

Vascular tissue:

Tracheids

A
  • Transport cell

- Dead cells that taper at the end and overlap one another

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28
Q

Vascular Tissue:

Transpiration

A
  • diffusion of water vapor from plant
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29
Q

What tissue type includes fibers and parenchyma cells (ground tissue cells)?

A

Vascular tissue

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30
Q

Phloem

A
  • Principal food-conducting tissue in vascular plants

- Contains two types of elongated cells (Sieve cells, Living cells)

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31
Q

Phloem:

  1. Describe Sieve Cells.
  2. Describe Living Cells.
A
  1. (seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms) and sieve tube members (angiosperms), Sieve-tube members are more specialized (more efficient), Associated with companion cells
  2. Living cells that contain clusters of pores called sieve areas or sieve plates
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32
Q

Roots

A

Simpler pattern of organization and development than stems

33
Q

What are the 4 regions of roots

A
  • Root cap
  • Zone of cell division
  • Zone of elongation
  • Zone of maturation
34
Q

Root Cap

A
  • Contains two types of cells that are formed continuously by the root apical meristem
    1. Columella cells – inner
    2. Root cap cells – outer and lateral
  • Functions mainly in protection of the delicate tissues behind it
35
Q

Zone of Cell Division

A
  • Derived from rapid divisions of the root apical meristem
  • Contains mostly cuboidal cells, with small vacuoles and large central nuclei
  • Apical meristem daughter cells soon subdivide into the three primary tissues:

Protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem

36
Q

Zone of Cell Division:

  1. WEREWOLF (WER) gene
  2. SCARECROW (SCR) gene
A
  1. Suppresses root hair development

2. Necessary for differentiation of endodermal and ground cells

37
Q

Zone of Elongation

A
  • Roots lengthen because cells become several times longer than wide
  • Width also increases slightly
  • No further increase occurs above this zone
  • Mature parts of the root, except for increasing in girth, remain stationary for the life of the plant
38
Q

Zone of Maturation

A
  • Elongated cells become differentiated into specific cell types
  • Root surface cells become epidermal cells
    Have very thin cuticle
    Include root hair and nonhair cells
  • Parenchyma cells produced by cortex (ground meristem)
    Inner boundary becomes endodermis - Casparian strips
    Stele – tissues interior to endodermis
    Pericycle
39
Q

Modified Roots:

  1. Taproot system
  2. Fibrous root system
  3. Adventitious roots
  4. specific functions
A
  1. single large root with small branch roots
  2. many small roots of similar diameter
  3. arise from any place other than the plant’s root
  4. produce modified roots
40
Q

Prop roots

A

Keep the plant upright

41
Q

Aerial roots

A

Obtain water from the air

42
Q

Pneumatophores

A

Facilitate oxygen uptake

43
Q

Contractile roots

A

Pull plant deeper into soil

44
Q

Parasitic roots

A

Penetrate host plants

45
Q

Food storage roots

A

Store carbohydrates

46
Q

Water storage roots

A

Weigh 50 kg or more

47
Q

Buttress roots

A

Provide considerable stability

48
Q

Stems

A
  • undergo growth from cell division in apical and lateral stems
  • Shoot apical meristem initiates stem tissue and intermittently produces primordia
49
Q

Stems:

  1. Node
  2. Internode
  3. Blade
  4. Petiole
  5. Axillary bud
  6. Terminal bud
A
  1. point of attachment of leaf to stem
  2. area of stem between two nodes
  3. flattened part of leaf
  4. stalk of leaf
  5. develops into branches with leaves or may form flowers
  6. extends the shoot system during the growing season
50
Q

Monocot (one cotyledon) vs. Dicot (two cotyledon) Stems:

Cotyledon

A

embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the 1st leaves to appear from a germinating seed

51
Q

Monocot (one cotyledon) vs. Dicot (two cotyledon) Stems:

  1. Major distinguishing feature between monocot and eudicot stems is
  2. Monocot vascular bundles are usually scattered throughout ____________
  3. Eudicot vascular tissue is arranged in a ring with
A
  1. the organization of the vascular tissue system
  2. ground tissue system
  3. internal ground tissue (pith) and external ground tissue (cortex) - Rose family and legumes
52
Q

Vascular tissue arrangement is directly related to

A

the stem’s ability for secondary growth

53
Q

Vascular Tissue Arrangement:

  1. eudicots
  2. monocots
A
  1. vascular cambium develops between the primary xylem and phloem
  2. there is no vascular cambium – no secondary growth
54
Q

Connects the ring of primary vascular bundles

A

vascular cambium

55
Q

Tree Stump Rings

A
  • reveal annual patterns of vascular cambium growth

- Cell size depends on growth conditions

56
Q

Tree Stump Rings:

In woody eudicots and gymnosperms, the ________ arises in the outer cortex

A

cork cambium - Produces boxlike cork cells on outside

57
Q

Tree Stump Rings:

Periderm

A
  • cork cambium, cork, and phelloderm

- Forms outer bark

58
Q

Lenticels

A

Cork cambium produces unsuberized cells that permit gas exchange to continue

59
Q

Bulbs

A

swollen underground stems, consisting of fleshy leaves

60
Q

Corms

A

superficially resemble bulbs, but have no fleshy leaves

61
Q

Rhizomes

A

horizontal underground stems, with adventitious roots

62
Q

Runners and stolons

A

horizontal stems with long internodes that grow along the surface of the ground

63
Q

Tubers

A

swollen tips of rhizomes that contain carbohydrates

64
Q

Tendrils

A

twine around supports and aid in climbing

65
Q

Cladophylls

A

flattened photosynthetic stems resembling leaves

66
Q

Leaves

A
  • Principal site of photosynthesis
  • Expand by cell enlargement and cell division
  • Determinate in structure – growth stops at maturity
67
Q

Name and describe 2 different morphological groups of leaves

A
  1. Microphyll
    - Leaf with one vein branching from the stem and not extending the full length of the leaf
    - Phylum Lycophyta
  2. Megaphylls
  • Several to many veins
  • Most plants
68
Q

Eudicot Leaves

A
  • flattened petiole
  • Slender stalk called petiole
  • Leaf flattening increases photosynthetic surface
  • Flattening of the leaf blade reflects a shift from radial symmetry to dorsal–ventral (top–bottom) symmetry
69
Q

stipules

A
  • Outgrowths at base of petiole

- May be leaf-forming or modified as spines

70
Q

Veins

A
  • Vascular bundles in leaves
  • Main veins are parallel in most monocot leaves
  • Veins of eudicots form an often intricate network
71
Q

Simple leaves

A
  • contain undivided blades

- May have teeth, indentations, or lobes

72
Q

Compound leaves

A

have blades that are divided into leaflets

73
Q

The leaf’s surface is covered by transparent

A

epidermal cells

74
Q

Leaf Epidermis

A
  • Most have no chloroplasts
  • Epidermis has a waxy cuticle
  • Different types of glands and trichomes may be present
  • Lower epidermis contains numerous stomata flanked by guard cells
75
Q

Mesophyll in Eudicots :

  1. Palisade mesophyll
  2. Spongy mesophyll
A
  1. usually two rows of tightly packed chlorenchyma cells
  2. loosely arranged cells with many air spaces in between.
    Function in gas exchange and water vapor exit
76
Q

Mesophyll in Monocots

A
  1. mesophyll is usually not differentiated into palisade/spongy layers
77
Q

Modified Leaves:

  1. Floral leaves (bracts)
  2. Spines
  3. Reproductive leaves
  4. Window leaves
A
  1. surround true flowers and behave as showy petals
  2. reduce water loss and may deter predators
  3. plantlets capable of growing independently into full-sized plant
  4. succulent, cone-shaped leaves that allow photosynthesis underground
78
Q

Shade leaves

A

larger in surface area but with less mesophyll than sun-lit leaves

79
Q

Insectivorous leaves

A
  • trap insects
  • Pitcher plants have cone-shaped leaves that accumulate rainwater
  • Sundews have glands that secrete sticky mucilage
  • Venus flytrap have hinged leaves that snap shut

Biology 2 (5 decks)

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