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Biology 2 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to do work

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2
Q

Name the states of energy

A

Kinetic energy

Potential energy

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3
Q

Energy in motion

A

Kinetic energy

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4
Q

Stored energy

A

Potential energy

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5
Q

Name 5 forms of energy

A

H.E.L.M R

Heat 
Electric 
Light 
Mechanical 
Radioactivity
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6
Q

How is heat measured?

A

In kilocalories

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7
Q

1 calorie =

A

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of water by 1 degree Celsius

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8
Q

1 kilo calorie =

A

1,000 calories

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9
Q

1st Law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Energy can only be converted from one form to another

Concerns amount of energy in the universe

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10
Q

2nd Law of thermodynamics

A

Order is more likely than disorder

Concerns the transformation of potential energy into heat or molecular motion

Entropy is always increasing

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11
Q

Entropy

A

Disorder in the universe

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12
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Branch of chemistry that deals with energy changes, or “heat changes”

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13
Q

Potential energy stored in chemical bonds can be transferred from one molecule to another by way of ____________

A

Electrons.

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14
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons

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15
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons

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16
Q

What is the most common electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen

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17
Q

Reduced form of a molecule has a higher ______________ than the oxidized form

A

Level of energy

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18
Q

Breaks the chemical bonds that hold atoms together

A

Energy

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19
Q

Heat energy

A

Increases atomic motion

Makes it easier for atoms to pull apart

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20
Q

Free energy

A

Energy available to do work or break and form other chemical bonds

Denoted as the symbol G (Gibbs free energy)

21
Q

Enthalpy

A

Energy contained in a molecules chemical bonds

22
Q

G = H - (TS)

What does each letter represent?

A

G = Free energy

H = Enthalpy

T= temperature

S= entropy

23
Q

What creates changes in free energy: G= H-(TS) ?

A

Chemical reactions

24
Q

A) Reduces
B) Increases

1) Chemical bonding _________ disorder.
2) Heat ________ disorder.

A

1) A

2) B

25
Q

G = H - (TS)

When is G positive?

A

When products contain more free energy than reactants

Energy is supplied

26
Q

G = H- (TS)

When is G negative?

A

When reactants contain more free energy than products

Energy is released

27
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

G= H-(TS)

G is positive (products of the reaction contains more free energy than reactants)

Inward energy

28
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

G=H-(TS)

G is negative (reactants of the reaction contain more free energy than the products)

Outward energy

29
Q

The transfer of energy in chemical reactions can be described as either __________ or _____________

A

Endergonic (inward)

Exergonic (outward)

30
Q

Most reactions require _______ to get started

A

Energy

31
Q

Activation energy

A

Extra energy needed to get a reaction initiated or started

Destabilizes chemical bonds

Used in endergonic and exergonic reactions

Large amounts of activation energy can slow down reactions

32
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that lowers activation energy

Does not alter proportion of reactant

33
Q

The chief energy “currency” of cells, powers almost every energy requiring process in cells.

A

ATP

34
Q

Describe ATP structure :

A

Adenine

Ribose (5-carbon sugar)

3 phosphates

35
Q

Where does ATP store energy?

A

Bonds between phosphates

36
Q

Describe Phosphates :

A

Highly negative

Repel each other (phosphates)

Require a lot of energy to keep phosphates bound to each other

Releases a lot of energy when bond between phosphates is broken

37
Q

When the bond between phosphates is broken ATP converts to __________, therefore energy has been ___________

(T/F) This reaction is not reversible?

A

ADP + P(i)

Released

False. Reaction is reservable.

38
Q

What makes ATP an effective energy donor?

A

Instability

39
Q

Is ATP a good long term energy storage molecule?

A

No. It is unstable (instability)

40
Q

What fuels the production of ATP from ADP + Pi?

A

The energy released from an exergonic reaction

41
Q

ATP hydrolysis

A

The energy released when ATP is broken down to ADP

Fuels endergonic reactions

42
Q

Enzymes

A

Molecules that catalyze reactions in living cells

Most are proteins

Lower activation energy required for reaction not changes or consumed by the reaction

Interact with substrates

43
Q

What enables an enzyme to stabilize a temporary association between substrates

A

Unique 3- dimensional shape

44
Q

Substrate

A

Molecule that will undergo a reaction

45
Q

Active site

A

Region of the enzyme that binds to the substrate

46
Q

Binding of an enzyme to a substrate causes the enzyme to

A

Change shape= producing a better induced fit between the molecules

47
Q

Bringing 2 substrates together in the correct orientation causes an enzyme to

A

Lower its activation energy required for new bonds to form

48
Q

T/F

Not all enzymes are proteins.

A

True

49
Q

Ribozymes

A

RNA with enzymatic abilities.

Biology 2 (5 decks)

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