Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 2 > Plant Form And Function > Flashcards

Plant Form And Function Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What are the three basic plant organs?

A
  1. Roots
  2. Stems
  3. Leaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is a tissue? An organ?

A

A tissue is a group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function. An organ is a group of several types of tissues that together carry out specialized functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe roots.

A

An organ whose function is to anchor the plant, absorb minerals/water, and store carbohydrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe taproots.

A

The main vertical root.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe lateral roots.

A

Arise from the taproot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe root hairs.

A

Absorption of water/minerals occurs near root hairs, which greatly increase surface area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe a stem.

A

And organ consisting of nodes, internodes, auxiliary buds, and apical buds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe nodes.

A

The points at which leaves are attached.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe internodes.

A

The stem segments between nodes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe axillary bud.

A

A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot (or branch).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe apical bud.

A

Located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the vein of a leaf?

A

The vascular tissue of leaves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the dermal tissue system.

A

The dermal tissue system consists of the epidermis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the epidermis? Cuticle?

A

The cuticle is a waxy covering that helps prevent water loss from the epidermis. The epidermis is the dermal tissue system of non-woody plants, usually consisting of s single layer of tightly packed cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the vascular tissue system?

A

Carries out long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the xylem? Phloem?

A

The xylem conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots into shoots. The phloem transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the ground tissue system?

A

Tissues that are neither dermal or vascular. Fulfill a variety of functions such as storage, photosynthesis, and support.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe parenchyma cells.

A

Least specialized, perform most metabolic functions, retain ability to divide/differentiate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe collenchyma cells.

A

Grouped in strands and help support young parts of the shoot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe sclerenchyma.

A

Rigid due to thick secondary wall, sclerids- short and irregular, fibers-long and slender.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe water conducting cells.

A

Tracheids-found in xylem of all vascular plants, vessel elements-common to most angiosperms (some gymnosperms), both types dead at maturity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe sugar conducting cells.

A

Sieve tube elements- alive/functional at maturity (through lack of organelles). Sieve plates- porous end walls that allow fluid to flow. Companion cells - nucleus and ribosomes used by sieve-tube elements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are meristems?

A

Embryonic tissue that allows for intermediate growth.

23
Q

What is the difference between apical and lateral meristems?

A

Apical are located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots. Lateral meristem adds thickness to woody plants.

24
Q

What are the two types of lateral meristems?

A

Vascular cambium and cork cambium.

25
Q

What is primary growth and what does it involve?

A

It produces parts of the root and shoot systems produced by apical meristems. It involves zones of cell division, elongation, and differentiation.

26
Q

What are stomata? Guard cells?

A

Stomata is a microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant. Guard cells are the two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.

27
Q

What is secondary growth and what does it involve?

A

It occurs in stems of woody plants(rarely on leaves). Secondary plant body consists of tissues produced by vascular and cork cambium.

28
Q

What is xylem sap?

A

Water and dissolved minerals that is transported from roots to leaves by bulk flow.

29
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The evaporation of water from a plants surface.

30
Q

What is the role of adhesion and cohesion in transpiration?

A

H2O molecules are attracted to cellulose in xylem cell walls through adhesion (off sets force of gravity). H2O molecules are attracted to each other through cohesion.

31
Q

What is a sugar source? Sugar sink?

A

A sugar source is an organ that produces sugar. A sugar sink is an organ that consumes or stores sugar.

32
Q

What is phloem sap?

A

An aqueous solution that is high in sucrose.

33
Q

What is translocation?

A

Products of photosynthesis are transported through phloem via translocation.

34
Q

What is topsoil?

A

Topsoil consists of mineral particles, living organisms, and decaying organic material. Some inorganic components are cations such as K+ and Ca2+. Some organic components are bacteria, fungi, protists.

35
Q

What is a macronutrient vs. a micronutrient?

A

Macronutrient plants require essential elements in relatively large amounts. Micronutrient plants need them in very small amounts.

36
Q

What two cells are located within a pollen grain?

A

Two cells male gametophyte and spore wall.

37
Q

If pollination is successful, what is produced from the pollen grain?

A

A pollen tube that grows down into the ovary and discharges two sperm cells near the embryo sac.

38
Q

What are the means of pollination?

A

Can be by wind, water, and animal.

39
Q

What is convolution and how does this relate to pollination?

A

The evolution of interacting species in response changes in each other. Shapes/sizes of flowers often correspond to the pollen transporting parts of the animal pollinators.

40
Q

What is double fertilization?

A

Results from the discharge of two sperm from the pollen tube into the embryo sac.

41
Q

What is endosperm?

A

Nutrient rich tissue formed by the Union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization. Provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.

42
Q

How may fruits be classified?

A

By development.

43
Q

How may fruits be dispersed?

A

By wind and animals.

44
Q

What is fragmentation?

A

A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.

45
Q

Describe an Auxin.

A

Produced by apical meristem and young leaves. Stimulates stem elongation, formation of lateral/adventitious roots, regulation of fruit development, phototropism/gravitropism, vascular differentiation.

46
Q

Describe cytokinins.

A

Produced by roots. Regulate division I’m roots/shoots, modify apical dominance, promote lateral bud growth and movement of nutrients to sink tissues, stimulate seed germination, delay leaf senescence (aging).

47
Q

Describe ginnerellins.

A

Produced by meristems of apical buds/roots, young leaves, developing seed. Stimulates stem elongation, pollen development, pollen tube growth, fruit growth, seed development and germination.

48
Q

Describe brassinosteroids.

A

Produced by all plant tissues. Promotes cell division in shoots and root growth, promote xylem differentiation/inhibit phloem differentiation, promote seed germination and pollen tube elongation.

49
Q

Describe abscisic acid.

A

Produced by all plant tissues. Inhibits growth, promote stomatal closure, promote seed dormancy, inhibit early germination, promote leaf senescence.

50
Q

Describe strigolactones.

A

Produced by roots, promotes seed germination, control opical dominance, attract mycorrhizal fungi to roots.

51
Q

Describe Ethylene.

A

Produced by most parts of the plant. Promotes ripening of fruits, enhances rate of senescence, promotes root and hair formation.

52
Q

What is phototropism? Gravitropism? Thigmomorphotropism?

A

Phototropism is growth of a plant shoot toward or away from light. Gravitropism is the response to gravity. Thigmomorphogenesis is changes in form that result from mechanical disturbance.

53
Q

How may a plant respond to herbivory?

A

Recruit predatory animals, develop thorns, develop chemical defenses.

54
Q

How may a plant respond to pathogens?

A

First line of defense is epidermis and periderm. Second line of defense is to use a chemical attack to kill the pathogen and prevent spread.

Biology 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions