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Biology 2 > Plant Diversity > Flashcards

Plant Diversity Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the sporopollenin and where is it found?

A

A layer of durable polymer that prevents exposed plant zygotes from drying out. It is found in plant spore walls.

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1
Q

What four key traits do land plants share with only charophytes?

A
  1. Rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes.
  2. Peroxisome enzymes
  3. Structure of flagellated sperm.
  4. Formation of a phragmoplast.
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2
Q

What are the four key traits that appear in nearly all land animals?

A
  1. Alternation of generations and multicellular, dependent embryos.
  2. Walled spores produced in sporangia.
  3. Multicellular gametangia.
  4. Apical meristems.
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3
Q

Why are land plants referred to as embrophytes?

A

The embryo is retained within maternal tissue.

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4
Q

What are sporangia? Gametangia?

A

Sporangia are organs which produce spores. Gametangia are organs which produce gametes.

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5
Q

What are female and male gametangia and what do they produce?

A

Archegonia are female gametangia that produce eggs and are the site of fertilization.
Antheridia are male gametangia that produce and release sperm.

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6
Q

What is the difference between vascular plants and nonvascular plants (bryophytes)?

A

Vascular plants contain conducting tissue (xylem and phloem) and can become taller and more wide spread.

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7
Q

Describe phylum hepatophyta.

A

Liverworts. Named for liver shaped gametophytes. Gametophytes may be flattened. Some have gametophytes with leaf like appendages.

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8
Q

Describe phylum anthocerphyta.

A

Hornworts. Sporophytes have long tapered shape. Lacks seta and consists only of sporangium. Gametophytes usually contain several sporophytes. Have symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing Cyanobacteria in soil.

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9
Q

Describe phylum Bryophyta.

A

Mosses. Commonly found as gametophytes. Green and photosynthetic when young but turn tan/brownish when ready to release spores.

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10
Q

What is the ecological importance of mosses?

A

Inhabit diverse and extreme environments. Some help retain nitrogen in the soil. Peat moss forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material. Can be used as a source of fuel.

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11
Q

What is the megaspore? The microspore?

A

The megasporangia produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes. The microsporangia produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes.

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12
Q

Describe Lycophyta.

A

Club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts. Thrive in moist swamps. Surviving species are small herbaceous plants. Club/spike mosses are not true mosses(have vascular tissue).

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13
Q

Describe phylum Pterophyta.

A

Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns, and relatives. Most diverse seedless vascular plants. Horse tails restricted to genus Equisetum. Whisk ferns resemble ancestral vascular plants but closely related to modern ferns.

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14
Q

What features are common to all seed plants?

A
  1. Reduced gametophytes
  2. Heterospory
  3. Ovules
  4. Pollen
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15
Q

What is an ovule? Pollen grain?

A

An ovule is a structure consisting of megasporangim, megaspore, and one or more productive integuments. Pollen grains are particles produced by microspores and contain the male gametophytes.

16
Q

What is the evolutionary advantages of pollen over spores?

A

Pollen eliminates the need for a film of water; can be dispersed greater distances by air or animal.

17
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

A vascular plant that bears naked seeds- seeds not enclosed in protective chambers.

18
Q

What is heterosporous? Homosporous?

A

Heterosporous is a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores and megaspores. Homosporous is a plant species that has a single kind of spore, which typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte.

19
Q

Describe phylum Ginkgophyta.

A

Phylum consists of a single living species, ginkgo biloba. Has high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree.

20
Q

Describe phylum Cyadophyta.

A

Individuals have large cones and Palm-like leaves. Thrived in Mesozoic but relatively few species exist today.

21
Q

Describe phylum Gnetophyta.

A

Phylum comprised of three genera. Species vary in appearance and some tropical while others live in deserts.

22
Q

Describe phylum coniferophyta.

A

Largest gymnosperm phyla. Most conifers are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis year round.

23
Q

What is a flower?

A

An angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction.

24
Q

What is an angiosperm?

A

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protected chamber called an ovary.

25
Q

What is a sepal?

A

Encloses the flower.

26
Q

What are petals?

A

Brightly colored and attractive pollinators.

27
Q

What are stamens?

A

Produce pollen.

28
Q

What are carpels?

A

Produce ovules.

29
Q

What are fruits?

A

A part of a flowering plant that consists of a mature ovary and other flower parts or tissues. Protect seeds and aid in dispersal. Can be fleshy or dry.

30
Q

What are cotyledons?

A

Within the seeds, the embryo consists of a root and two seeds called cotyledons.

31
Q

What are the two main groups of angiosperms and how are they different?

A

Monocots have one cotyledon. Leaves usually have parallel veins. Eudicots have two cotyledons. Leaves usually have a net like pattern.

32
Q

Describe basal angiosperms.

A

Constituted of three small lineages. Includes Amborella trichopoda, water lillies, and star anise.

33
Q

Describe magnoliids.

A

More closely related to monocots and eudicots than basal angiosperms. Includes magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plant.

34
Q

What is the evolutionary link between angiosperms and animals.

A

Animals influence the evolution of plants and vice versa.

35
Q

What are the threats to plant diversity?

A

Destruction of habitats causing extinction of many plant species.

Biology 2 (7 decks)

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