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BISC 101 Mid2 > Plant form and function > Flashcards

Plant form and function Flashcards

Lecture 8

1
Q

Multicellular plants consist of…

A

specialized cells making up tissues and organ systems

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2
Q

example of tissues in plants

A

vascular, ground tissue

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3
Q

example of organ systems in plants

A

roots, shoots

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4
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

evolutionary adaptations to specific environments

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5
Q

Meristems do what?

A

Are like stem cells. They generate cells for indeterminate primary and secondary growth

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6
Q

Apical meristems do what?

A

generate cells for primary growth. To increase length of roots and shoots

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7
Q

Lateral meristems do what?

A

produce cells for secondary growth. To increase diameter of roots and shoots

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8
Q

Angiosperm meaning

A

flowering plant

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9
Q

Monocot has…

A

one cotyledon

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10
Q

Eudicot has…

A

two cotyledons

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11
Q

What does the shoot system do?

A
  • absorb light and CO2
  • photosynthesis
  • shoots for sexual reproduction
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12
Q

what does the root system do?

A
  • absorb water and nutrients from soil
  • anchors vascular plant in soil
  • storage
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13
Q

Vascular system in plants

A

transports water in one direction and sugars in both directions

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14
Q

determinant growth

A

grow and stop at a certain point

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15
Q

indeterminant growth

A

continuous growth. What plants use

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16
Q

Why do plants have thin stems and leaves

A

surface area aspects (to absorb the most amount of sunlight)

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17
Q

How do plants respond to their environment

A

by changing growth and morphology (form)

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18
Q

What do plants have for photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll

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19
Q

What if a plant grows in the dark?

A

They don’t grow roots because of water movement. Also don’t grow leaves because they can’t go through photosynthesis

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20
Q

Why are there holes in leaves on trees

A

for water to escape

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21
Q

Why do roots grow down?

A

They want water which is in the soil and it also responds to gravity

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22
Q

Tap roots grow…

A

vertically

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23
Q

lateral roots grow…

A

more horizontally; fibrous roots are very dense

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24
Q

What do prop roots and buttress roots do

A

provide structural support, holding trees up in unstable soils

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25
Q

storage roots

A

store food and water

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26
Q

Pneumataphores

A

project above the surface in mangrove swamps to obtain O2

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27
Q

Apical bud

A

new cells are generated here to grow length of the plant

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28
Q

nodes and internodes

A

areas where leaves come off (nodes) bit between (internodes)

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28
Q

What are in plant cells but not animal cells?

A

cell wall, plasmodesmata, central vacuole, and chloroplasts

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28
Q

What does plant form depend on

A

number and angle of branching and internode distance

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29
Q

cell wall function

A

mechanical strength

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29
Q

Rhizome (iris)

A

underground shoot that goes through asexual reproduction

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29
Q

plasmodesmata function

A

channels through the cells walls connecting adjacent cells

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30
Q

central vacuole function

A

storage, waste breakdown

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30
Q

chloroplasts function

A

site of photosynthesis

31
Q

Do plant cells have mitochondria?

A

yes and it uses cell respiration

32
Q

What do plant cell walls consist of?

A

cellulose microfibrils in a matrix of gelatinous polysaccharides

33
Q

what do young plant cells secrete?

A

thin, flexible, primary cell wall

34
Q

What does the secondary cell wall contain

A

a tough substance called lignin

35
Q

Dermal tissue is

A

single layer of cells that covers the plant body

36
Q

ground tissue is what…

A

makes up the bulk of the plant and is responsible for photosynthesis and storage

37
Q

vascular tissue functions

A

carries out long-distance transport; xylem and phloem

38
Q

Apical meristems are like stem cells how?

A

undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to undergo mitosis and become any cell type

39
Q

where do the apical meristems undergo mitosis

A

root/shoot tips

40
Q

what are the 3 primary meristems

A

protoderm, ground, procambium

41
Q

tissue systems in stems: epidermal tissue function

A

forms the surface of the plant

42
Q

tissue systems in stems: vascular tissue function

A

arranged in vascular bundles forming strands that run the length of the stem and root

43
Q

tissue systems in stems: ground tissue function (parachemya cells)

A

forms pith inside vascular bundles and cortex outside in eudicots

44
Q

stomata function

A

regulates water loss and gas exchange. Also acts as a barrier against pathogens

45
Q

spongy mesophyll is

A

loosely arranged cells with many air spaces

46
Q

vascular tissue in leaves

A

veins with xylem/phloem continuous with main plant; protected by a bundle sheath

47
Q

cuticle function

A

decreases water loss via evaporation

48
Q

stoma and guard cells do what?

A

regulate gas exchange

49
Q

barrier defences are apart of what system?

A

the plant immune system

50
Q

3 stages of primary growth

A

cell division
cell elongation via apical buds increasing the length at the tips of roots and shoots
cell differentiation

51
Q

cell differentiation in primary growth

A

vascular, ground, and dermal cells and development of extensive root hair system and lateral roots

52
Q

root cap function

A
  • protects apical meristem
  • secretes polysaccharide slime
  • detect gravity and determine direction of growth
53
Q

what do root hairs do?

A

increase SA of root for absorption of water and minerals

54
Q

where do lateral roots emerge from

A

the pericycle. Pushing through the cortex and epidermis

55
Q

what is the pericycle

A

outer ring of vascular cylinder

56
Q

parenchyma cells

A

thin flexible primary walls, large central vacuoles; metabolic/storage functions; primary site for photosynthesis, forms pith

57
Q

collenchyma cells

A

thicker primary cell walls, in strands that support parts of plant shoots

58
Q

sclerenchyma cells

A

thick secondary walls containing lots of lignin; form wood

59
Q

vascular tissue system

A

water-conducting cells of the xylem and sugar-conducting cells of the phloem

60
Q

Tracheids

A

long, slender, with tapering ends, and pits through which water can pass

61
Q

vessels

A

shorter, wider, thinner walled tubes stacked end-to-end with perforations between adjacent cells through which water passes

62
Q

secondary cells walls are strengthened with…

A

lignin to avoid collapse during water transport

63
Q

what are the 2 types of modified parenchyma cells

A
  • sieve-tube
  • companion cell
64
Q

sieve-tube characteristics and what they lack

A

sieve plates (pores) between adjacent cells. lack nucleus, ribosomes, vacuole, cytoskeleton

65
Q

sieve-tube characteristics enable what?

A

enables phloem sap to pass more easily through the tubes of connecting cells

66
Q

how are companion cells connected to sieve-tubes

A

by many plasmodesmata

67
Q

companion cells function

A

provide metabolic support for itself and the adjacent sieve-tube. Helps load sugars into sieve tube

68
Q

soft plants

A

herbs, forbs, grasses that are mainly annuals
(primary growth)

69
Q

hard plants

A

trees, shrubs that are mainly perennials
(primary and secondary growth)

70
Q

dormant apical bud function

A

has scales protecting apical meristem

71
Q

year 1 primary growth for hard plant

A

(length) with nodes and internodes, with leaf scars

72
Q

year 2 and 3 secondary growth for hard plant

A

thickens the parts of the plant formed in previous years

73
Q

what does vascular cambium add?

A

adds phloem to the outside and xylem to the inside to increase the diameter or thickness of the stem

74
Q

cambium meaning

A

single layer of meristem cells forming cylinder running length of stem/root

75
Q

cork cambium has what… that… and ….

A

cork cells that provide protection and reduce water loss

76
Q

cork cells can become what?

A

lignified which is what provides protection and reduces water loss for the bark

77
Q

heartwood structure

A

xylem tissue that no longer transports water. It accumulates resins, gums and provides structural support

78
Q

sapwood structure

A

contains xylem cells which still transport water

79
Q

bark structure

A

cork cells + cork cambium (protection) + secondary phloem

80
Q

vascular cambium growth is…

A

seasonal meaning annual growth rings

81
Q

cells in a tree trunk grow larger in what condition?

A

in good conditions, so growth rings can be thick (good) or thin (bad)

BISC 101 Mid2 (5 decks)

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