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BISC 101 Mid2 > Plant form and function > Flashcards

Plant form and function Flashcards

Lecture 8

1
Q

Multicellular plants consist of…

A

specialized cells making up tissues and organ systems

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2
Q

example of tissues in plants

A

vascular, ground tissue

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3
Q

example of organ systems in plants

A

roots, shoots

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4
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

evolutionary adaptations to specific environments

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5
Q

Meristems do what?

A

Are like stem cells. They generate cells for indeterminate primary and secondary growth

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6
Q

Apical meristems do what?

A

generate cells for primary growth. To increase length of roots and shoots

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7
Q

Lateral meristems do what?

A

produce cells for secondary growth. To increase diameter of roots and shoots

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8
Q

Angiosperm meaning

A

flowering plant

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9
Q

Monocot has…

A

one cotyledon

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10
Q

Eudicot has…

A

two cotyledons

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11
Q

What does the shoot system do?

A
  • absorb light and CO2
  • photosynthesis
  • shoots for sexual reproduction
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12
Q

what does the root system do?

A
  • absorb water and nutrients from soil
  • anchors vascular plant in soil
  • storage
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13
Q

Vascular system in plants

A

transports water in one direction and sugars in both directions

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14
Q

determinant growth

A

grow and stop at a certain point

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15
Q

indeterminant growth

A

continuous growth. What plants use

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16
Q

Why do plants have thin stems and leaves

A

surface area aspects (to absorb the most amount of sunlight)

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17
Q

How do plants respond to their environment

A

by changing growth and morphology (form)

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18
Q

What do plants have for photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll

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19
Q

What if a plant grows in the dark?

A

They don’t grow roots because of water movement. Also don’t grow leaves because they can’t go through photosynthesis

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20
Q

Why are there holes in leaves on trees

A

for water to escape

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21
Q

Why do roots grow down?

A

They want water which is in the soil and it also responds to gravity

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22
Q

Tap roots grow…

A

vertically

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23
Q

lateral roots grow…

A

more horizontally; fibrous roots are very dense

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24
Q

What do prop roots and buttress roots do

A

provide structural support, holding trees up in unstable soils

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25
storage roots
store food and water
26
Pneumataphores
project above the surface in mangrove swamps to obtain O2
27
Apical bud
new cells are generated here to grow length of the plant
28
nodes and internodes
areas where leaves come off (nodes) bit between (internodes)
28
What are in plant cells but not animal cells?
cell wall, plasmodesmata, central vacuole, and chloroplasts
28
What does plant form depend on
number and angle of branching and internode distance
29
cell wall function
mechanical strength
29
Rhizome (iris)
underground shoot that goes through asexual reproduction
29
plasmodesmata function
channels through the cells walls connecting adjacent cells
30
central vacuole function
storage, waste breakdown
30
chloroplasts function
site of photosynthesis
31
Do plant cells have mitochondria?
yes and it uses cell respiration
32
What do plant cell walls consist of?
cellulose microfibrils in a matrix of gelatinous polysaccharides
33
what do young plant cells secrete?
thin, flexible, primary cell wall
34
What does the secondary cell wall contain
a tough substance called lignin
35
Dermal tissue is
single layer of cells that covers the plant body
36
ground tissue is what...
makes up the bulk of the plant and is responsible for photosynthesis and storage
37
vascular tissue functions
carries out long-distance transport; xylem and phloem
38
Apical meristems are like stem cells how?
undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to undergo mitosis and become any cell type
39
where do the apical meristems undergo mitosis
root/shoot tips
40
what are the 3 primary meristems
protoderm, ground, procambium
41
tissue systems in stems: epidermal tissue function
forms the surface of the plant
42
tissue systems in stems: vascular tissue function
arranged in vascular bundles forming strands that run the length of the stem and root
43
tissue systems in stems: ground tissue function (parachemya cells)
forms pith inside vascular bundles and cortex outside in eudicots
44
stomata function
regulates water loss and gas exchange. Also acts as a barrier against pathogens
45
spongy mesophyll is
loosely arranged cells with many air spaces
46
vascular tissue in leaves
veins with xylem/phloem continuous with main plant; protected by a bundle sheath
47
cuticle function
decreases water loss via evaporation
48
stoma and guard cells do what?
regulate gas exchange
49
barrier defences are apart of what system?
the plant immune system
50
3 stages of primary growth
cell division cell elongation via apical buds increasing the length at the tips of roots and shoots cell differentiation
51
cell differentiation in primary growth
vascular, ground, and dermal cells and development of extensive root hair system and lateral roots
52
root cap function
- protects apical meristem - secretes polysaccharide slime - detect gravity and determine direction of growth
53
what do root hairs do?
increase SA of root for absorption of water and minerals
54
where do lateral roots emerge from
the pericycle. Pushing through the cortex and epidermis
55
what is the pericycle
outer ring of vascular cylinder
56
parenchyma cells
thin flexible primary walls, large central vacuoles; metabolic/storage functions; primary site for photosynthesis, forms pith
57
collenchyma cells
thicker primary cell walls, in strands that support parts of plant shoots
58
sclerenchyma cells
thick secondary walls containing lots of lignin; form wood
59
vascular tissue system
water-conducting cells of the xylem and sugar-conducting cells of the phloem
60
Tracheids
long, slender, with tapering ends, and pits through which water can pass
61
vessels
shorter, wider, thinner walled tubes stacked end-to-end with perforations between adjacent cells through which water passes
62
secondary cells walls are strengthened with...
lignin to avoid collapse during water transport
63
what are the 2 types of modified parenchyma cells
- sieve-tube - companion cell
64
sieve-tube characteristics and what they lack
sieve plates (pores) between adjacent cells. lack nucleus, ribosomes, vacuole, cytoskeleton
65
sieve-tube characteristics enable what?
enables phloem sap to pass more easily through the tubes of connecting cells
66
how are companion cells connected to sieve-tubes
by many plasmodesmata
67
companion cells function
provide metabolic support for itself and the adjacent sieve-tube. Helps load sugars into sieve tube
68
soft plants
herbs, forbs, grasses that are mainly annuals (primary growth)
69
hard plants
trees, shrubs that are mainly perennials (primary and secondary growth)
70
dormant apical bud function
has scales protecting apical meristem
71
year 1 primary growth for hard plant
(length) with nodes and internodes, with leaf scars
72
year 2 and 3 secondary growth for hard plant
thickens the parts of the plant formed in previous years
73
what does vascular cambium add?
adds phloem to the outside and xylem to the inside to increase the diameter or thickness of the stem
74
cambium meaning
single layer of meristem cells forming cylinder running length of stem/root
75
cork cambium has what… that… and ….
cork cells that provide protection and reduce water loss
76
cork cells can become what?
lignified which is what provides protection and reduces water loss for the bark
77
heartwood structure
xylem tissue that no longer transports water. It accumulates resins, gums and provides structural support
78
sapwood structure
contains xylem cells which still transport water
79
bark structure
cork cells + cork cambium (protection) + secondary phloem
80
vascular cambium growth is...
seasonal meaning annual growth rings
81
cells in a tree trunk grow larger in what condition?
in good conditions, so growth rings can be thick (good) or thin (bad)

BISC 101 Mid2 (5 decks)

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