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Plant Biology > Plant Evolution > Flashcards

Plant Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Closest ancestor of land plants

A

Green algae charophytes

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2
Q

Describe the evolution cladogram

A

Ancestral algae –> Rhodophytes (red algae) –> Chlorophytes (other group of green algae) –> Charophytes + Embryophytes

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3
Q

What is classified under viridiplantae

A

Chlorophytes, Charophytes, Embryophytes

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4
Q

What is classified under streptophyta

A

Charophytes and embryophytes

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5
Q

What is classified under plantae

A

Embryophytes (land plants)

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6
Q

Rhodophytes

A

Red algae

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7
Q

Chlorophyte

A

Green algae

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8
Q

Charophyte

A

Green algae

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9
Q

Embryophyte

A

Land plants

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10
Q

What characteristic do rhodophytes and embryophytes share

A

Non-flagellated sperm/spores (advanced trait for land living even though rhodophyte is on land)

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11
Q

4 derived features that embryophytes and charophytes share

A

Inside out cell wall production (vs. primitive linear), Peroxisome enzymes (reduces loss from photorespiration), structure of flagellated sperm, phragmoplast

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12
Q

What is the phragmoplast made of

A

Microtubules

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13
Q

Phragmoplast function

A

guides golgi vesicles with cell wall formation components (hemicellulose, etc)

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14
Q

What is the arrangement of flagellated sperm in embryophytes and charophytes

A

9+2 (9 doublets surrounding 2 singles)

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15
Q

Dynein

A

Motor protein that supports movement of flagella and cilia

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16
Q

What synthesizes cellulose for a new cell wall

A

Rosette shaped complex embedded in plasma membrane

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17
Q

Derived traits of plants (embryophytes)

A

Cuticle to prevent from dessication, generation alteration, walled spores with sporopollenin to minimize dehydration, multicellular dependent embryos, multicellular gametangia, Apical meristems, symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizae

17
Q

How do all other algae synthesize cellulose

A

Linear complex

18
Q

What is the precursor of the primary cell wall

A

Cell plate

19
Q

What does gametangia include

A

Archegonia and antheridia for gamete production

20
Q

What drives secondary growth

A

Lateral meristem

21
Q

Two types of lateral meristem

A

Vascular cambium and cork cambium

22
Q

What happens to the spores to make the gametophyte

A

Mitosis

23
Q

How are gametes produced

A

Mitosis

24
Q

How are spores produced

A

meiosis

25
Q

How is the sporophyte produced

A

Mitosis of zygote

26
Q

Sporopollenin function

A

Protection against dessication

27
Q

What ploidy is the sporophyte

A

diploid

28
Q

What ploidy is the spore

A

haploid

29
Q

What ploidy is the gametophyte

A

haploid

30
Q

What ploidy is the gamete

A

haploid

31
Q

What ploidy is the zygote

A

diploid

32
Q

Derived feature of gametangia

A

Multicellular

33
Q

What does the archegonia look like

A

Starshaped

34
Q

What does the antheridia look like

A

Umbrella/flower shaped

35
Q

Site of fertilization

A

Archegonia

36
Q

Function of apical meristem

A

Primary growth

37
Q

Types of apical meristems

A

Shoot, root, axillary bud, intercalary

38
Q

When can the axillary bud meristem be activated

A

When apical bud is removed

39
Q

Axillary bud meristem function

A

Primary growth of leaves (petioles), branches, flowers/fruits

40
Q

Intercallary meristem function

A

Regenerations after removal of apical bud

41
Q

Where is intercallary meristem found

A

Grasses (Poacaea)

Plant Biology (6 decks)

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