Plant Evolution Flashcards
Closest ancestor of land plants
Green algae charophytes
Describe the evolution cladogram
Ancestral algae –> Rhodophytes (red algae) –> Chlorophytes (other group of green algae) –> Charophytes + Embryophytes
What is classified under viridiplantae
Chlorophytes, Charophytes, Embryophytes
What is classified under streptophyta
Charophytes and embryophytes
What is classified under plantae
Embryophytes (land plants)
Rhodophytes
Red algae
Chlorophyte
Green algae
Charophyte
Green algae
Embryophyte
Land plants
What characteristic do rhodophytes and embryophytes share
Non-flagellated sperm/spores (advanced trait for land living even though rhodophyte is on land)
4 derived features that embryophytes and charophytes share
Inside out cell wall production (vs. primitive linear), Peroxisome enzymes (reduces loss from photorespiration), structure of flagellated sperm, phragmoplast
What is the phragmoplast made of
Microtubules
Phragmoplast function
guides golgi vesicles with cell wall formation components (hemicellulose, etc)
What is the arrangement of flagellated sperm in embryophytes and charophytes
9+2 (9 doublets surrounding 2 singles)
Dynein
Motor protein that supports movement of flagella and cilia
What synthesizes cellulose for a new cell wall
Rosette shaped complex embedded in plasma membrane
Derived traits of plants (embryophytes)
Cuticle to prevent from dessication, generation alteration, walled spores with sporopollenin to minimize dehydration, multicellular dependent embryos, multicellular gametangia, Apical meristems, symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizae
How do all other algae synthesize cellulose
Linear complex
What is the precursor of the primary cell wall
Cell plate
What does gametangia include
Archegonia and antheridia for gamete production
What drives secondary growth
Lateral meristem
Two types of lateral meristem
Vascular cambium and cork cambium
What happens to the spores to make the gametophyte
Mitosis
How are gametes produced
Mitosis
How are spores produced
meiosis
How is the sporophyte produced
Mitosis of zygote
Sporopollenin function
Protection against dessication
What ploidy is the sporophyte
diploid
What ploidy is the spore
haploid
What ploidy is the gametophyte
haploid
What ploidy is the gamete
haploid
What ploidy is the zygote
diploid
Derived feature of gametangia
Multicellular
What does the archegonia look like
Starshaped
What does the antheridia look like
Umbrella/flower shaped
Site of fertilization
Archegonia
Function of apical meristem
Primary growth
Types of apical meristems
Shoot, root, axillary bud, intercalary
When can the axillary bud meristem be activated
When apical bud is removed
Axillary bud meristem function
Primary growth of leaves (petioles), branches, flowers/fruits
Intercallary meristem function
Regenerations after removal of apical bud
Where is intercallary meristem found
Grasses (Poacaea)
