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Bio 1030 Plants > Plant diversity pt 1 > Flashcards

Plant diversity pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

about 470 years ago plants originated from

A

green algae

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2
Q

by 425 million years ago some early plants had traits facilitating life on land or in water

A

on land**

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3
Q

where was the earliest evidence of trees

A

in Megouasag, canada

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4
Q

what came first before fungi algae and plants

A

cyanobacteria

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5
Q

what’s one of the earliest known trees

A

Archaeopteris

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6
Q

what development allowed for upward growth, how?

A

the development of lignin allowed for super rigid cell walls to support upward growth

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7
Q

what type of leaves did the earliest evidence of trees have, why?

A

fern like leaves for increased surface area and efficient photosynthesis to compete with early plants.

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8
Q

plants are apart of what supergroup within the domain eukarya, what characteristic does this group have

A

archaeplastida, plastida relates to plants having plastids.

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9
Q

What are the two main clades within archaeplastida

A

green algae, and red algae

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10
Q

what characteristic of red algae is analogous to plant roots

A

holdfast

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11
Q

what characteristic of red algae is analogous to plant stems

A

stipe

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12
Q

what characteristic of red algae is analogous to plant leaves

A

blade

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13
Q

what can photosynthetic pigments in archaeplastida be used for

A

the adaptation to different environments and to identify members.

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14
Q

what plant traits appear in algae that were acquired independently

(same traits, came from different ancestors, convergent evolution)

A

multicellularity, photosynthetic pigments, and cell walls composed cellulose

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15
Q

what super group of Archaeplastida are closest relatives to terrestrial plants

A

charophytes

(group of green algae)

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16
Q

what key characteristics do charophytes share with terrestrial plants

distinct from other algae

A

Rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins (in the plasma membrane), flagellated sperm (plant sperm ressembles charophyte sperm more than other algae sperm), formation of phragmoplast

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17
Q

what are phragomoplast

in charophytes and plants

A

microtubules and associated proteins present in charophytes and land plants after cytokinesis, guiding the assembly of cell plate formation.

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18
Q

what other than physical traits support the close relationship between plants and charophytes?

A

molecular analyses of nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA also support this.

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19
Q

what is sporopollenin, what organism is it common in?

A

a polymer that prevents desiccation (drying out), common in charophytic algae living at the edge of shallow ponds.

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20
Q

how is moving to land beneficial to plants

A

there’s more unfiltered sunlight, carbon dioxide, and nutrients in soil.

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21
Q

what are the challenges of moving to land

A

water is scarce, so its harder for sperm to disperse. and they must grow against gravity.

(think like its harder to lift things on land than in water, they can no longer float on land).

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22
Q

what are 5 adaptations that allowed for plants survival on land? how do they help?

A
  • Accessory pigments (help with UV protection, antioxidant effects).
  • Cuticle (waxy layer prevents drying out).
  • Stomata (pores) allow for exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. can close in hot dry weather to prevent water loss.
  • Formed symbiotic relationships with fungi (roots didn’t immediately happen).
  • developed meristems to allow for vertical growth
  • alternation of generations life cycle with walled spores
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23
Q

how does alternation of generation life cycle with walled spores help plants adapt to survive on land

A

The alternation of generations allows plants to produce resistant spores that can survive harsh conditions, aiding in dispersal and colonization.
Genetic Diversity: Alternation between haploid and diploid stages increases genetic variation, enhancing adaptability and resilience.

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24
Q

what type of life cycle do plants display

A

haplodiplontic

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25
what are the steps of the general plant lifecycle (ploidy, what is started with, what is formed)
1. Gametophyte > haploid gametes 2. two haploid gametes come together through fertilization > diploid zygote 3. diploid zygote > multicellular sporophyte 4. Sporophyte > unicellular haploid spores 5. Haploid spores > multicellular haploid gametophytes and repeat.
26
what process produces haploid gametes from haploid gametophytes
mitosis | (ploidy doesnt change)
27
what process produces haploid spores from diploid sporophytes?
meiosis | (ploidy changes)
28
what are the 3 phyla and common names, of non-vascular plants
hepatophyta (liverworts), bryophyta (mosses), and anthocerophyta (hornworts).
29
what are the 2 phyla of vascular plants
lycophyta, and monilophyta
30
what are the two phyla of seed plants
gymnosperms and angiosperms
31
earliest spores of plants were more like
liverwort spores
32
describe bryrophyte gametophytes | (ploidy, is this dominant or reduced stage, characteristics?)
* Haploid * gametophytes are dominant stage * have protonema -threadlike filaments * have gametophore -elevate the gametangia * have rhizoids-rootlike filaments * gametangia -produce gametes
33
what do protonemas do | in bryophyte gametophytes
develop into buds via a meristem to produce gametophores.
34
what are the male and female gametangia
female-archegonia, male-antheridia
35
what do rhizoids do?
root like filaments that anchor the gameotophyte.
36
Describe bryrophyte sporophytes | (ploidy, dominant or reduced stage, and characterstics)
* diploid * reduced stage * contains the seta, foot, capsule and peristome
37
what does the seta do in the sporophyte
its a stalk that supports the sporangium
38
what does the foot do in the sporophyte
absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte and supports the seta (stalk)
39
what does the capsule aka sporangium do in the sporophyte?
produces spores via meiosis
40
what does the peristome do in the sporophyte
teeth on the capsule to regulate spore dispersal
41
describe the steps of the bryophyte life cycle (ploidy what you start with, what you end with).
1. spores (haploid) develop into threadlike protonema (haploid) 2. protonema produces "buds" that develop into gametophytes (haploid) 3. Gametes are produced via mitosis (haploid still), then sperm must swim through water to reach egg 4. after fertilization zygote develops into sporophyte embryo (diploid). 5. sporophyte grows a seta that emerges from the archegonium. 6. attached by the foot the sporophyte (diploid) remains nutritionally dependent on the female gametophyte (haploid). 7. meiosis in the diploid sporphyte's capsule produces spores. and repeat | buds only occur in good environment (step 2)
42
how do u identify a female vs male moss
the female has a capsule, the male has a fuzzy dense head
43
how are bryophytes ecologically important
* they help retain moisture in moist forests, wetlands and moist bare soil. * help retain nitrogen within the environment by associating with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (create pockets for nitrogen to live) * can survive harsh environments * make up peat, which perserves organisms from decaying, retains moisture in soils and is an important fuel source.
44
how are bryrophyte species important in many indigenous nations?
medicinal and cultural importance. | bandages for wounds, baby diapers
45
what's poikilohydric?
can tolerate complete water loss and re-establish when moisture returns ## Footnote like anhydrobiosis in animals
46
what made seedless vascular plants the first to grow tall
vascular tissues
47
what characteristics did vascular plants adapt that nonvascular plants didn't have
* branched sporophytes are now dominant stage * not nutritionally depedent on the gametophyte * vascular tissues: xylem and phloem
48
what characteristics stayed the same in vascular plants compared to nonvascular
* some vascular plants still lack true roots * still need water for fertilization
49
functions of xylem and phloem and composition
* xylem: water transport, structural support, composed of tracheids and vessel elements, strengthened byy lignin. * phloem: nutrient transport, composed of sieve tube elements and companion cells. allow plants to grow tall and still get nutrients to leaves and outcompete shorter plants for light.
50
in larger present day plants which is large which is reduced of sporophyte and gametophyte
large sporophyte, reduced gametophyte
51
is the fern life cycle sporophyte or gametophyte dominant
sporophyte dominant
52
what are the steps of the fern life cycle (ploidy, what u start with, formed?)
1. sporangia release spores (haploid), which develop into a bisexual photosynthetic gametophyte 2. each gametophyte (haploid), produces antheridia and archegonia via mitosis. 3. sperm (from antheridia) usually fertilizes the egg of another gametophyte. sperm uses flagella to swim to the egg (in the archegonium), attracted to the egg via positive chemotaxis. 4. after fertilization, zygote (diploid) develops into a new sporophyte (diploid), which goes out of the archegoium of the parent gametophyte 5. sporophytes (diploid) produce sori- clusters of sporangia- which will produce spores (haploid) via meiosis.
53
what do roots do
absorb water and nutrients from soil, anchor the plant
54
vascular tissues are in roots true or false
true
55
how do leaves make photosynthesis more efficient
by increasing surface area
56
what are megaphylls and microphylls (leaves)
* megaphylls are larger more evolutionarily advanced * microphylls are smaller supported by a single strand of vascular tissue (lycophytes).
57
what is the shoot system vs root system comprised of
* shoot sys: above ground organs of the plant (leaves, stems) * root sys: below ground organs (roots)
58
modified leaves allow for reproduction, how do sporophytes air reproduction?
sporophytes produce sporangia
59
what do fern sporophylls produce?
fern sporophylls produce sori (clusters of sporangia)
60
what do lycophytes (in clubmosses and allies) produce
strobili, which are little 'cones'
61
what are angiosperms modified sporophylls called
carpels and stamens
62
whats homosporous and heterosporous
* homosporous-one type of sporangium that produces one kind of spores. * heterosporous -two types of sporangia that produce two kinda of spores
63
# homosporous or heterosporous? most seedless vascular plants are _ but some are _
1. most homosporous 2. some heterosporous
64
what do homosporous sporangium develop into? what are the two types of spores that heterosporous sporangia develop into?
* homosporous sporangium develop into a bisexual gametophyte * heterosporous sporangium develop into megasporophylls (female) which produce megasporangium, and microsporophylls (male) which produce microsporangia. > become single sex gametophytes
65
examples of organisms included in lycophyta
club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts.
66
what's the most ancient group of seedless vascular plants
lycophyta
67
examples of organisms in monilophyta
ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
68
whats the most diverse type of monilophyta
ferns
69
what are monilophyta (seedless vascular) more closely related to than lycophytes
more closely related to seed plants | bc they have leaves and roots

Bio 1030 Plants (7 decks)

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