plant diversity 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what is a complete flower
A
has all floral organs( petal, carpel, sepal, stamen)
2
Q
what is an incomplete
A
lacking any of the floral organs
3
Q
what is a perfect flower
A
a flower having both carpel and stamen)
4
Q
what is an imperfect flower
A
only has either a carpel or a stamen
5
Q
what is pollination
A
transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing ovules
6
Q
angiosperms are pollinated by wind or insects more
A
insects
7
Q
evolution of interacting species in response to changes in each other
A
coevolution
8
Q
stamens are whorls of
A
microsporphylls
9
Q
what is sporogenesis
A
development of mega/micro spores via meiosis
10
Q
what is gametogenesis
A
development of gametes via mitosis
11
Q
what is double fertilization
A
when the pollen tube discharges two sperm that fertilizes the egg and the other joins with the two nuclei of the central cell of female gametophyte
12
Q
what is common to all seed plants
A
heterospory
seeds
ovules
pollen
reduced gametophyte
13
Q
evolutionary trend of gametophyte reduction led to
A
seed plants
14
Q
reduced gametophyte of seed plants are protected by the
A
ovule and pollen
15
Q
ferns and other seedless vascular plants are there independent or dependent on the sporophyte
A
they are independent of the sporophyte
16
Q
are non vascular plants dependent or independent of gametophyte
A
they are dependent on gametophyte
17
Q
vascular plants with seeds, are they dependent or independent on sporophyte gen.
A
they are dependent on sporophyte gen.
18
Q
the ancestors of seed plants were homosporous or heterosporous
A
homosporous
19
Q
what does an ovule consist of
A
megasporangium, megaspore, integuments
20
Q
how many integuments does gymnosperms have
A
one
21
Q
how many integuments does angiosperm usually have
A
two
22
Q
what is the ploidy of the discharged egg nucleus
A
n(haploid)
23
Q
what type of embryo is a seed
A
a sporophyte embryo
24
Q
what are the evolutionary advantages of seed over spores
A
they remain dormant for years until conditions are favourable for germinations
they have a supply of food stored
they may be transported long distances by wind or animals
25
the seed coat is derived from
the integument
26
a popular characteristics of the Cycadophyta(cycads)
flagellated sperm
palmlike leaves
large cones
27
a popular characteristics of the Gingkophyta (one living species: Ginkgo biloba)
flagellated sperm
high air pollution tolerance
an ornamental tree
28
the largest gymnosperm phyla
coniferophyta
29
key features of gymnosperm life
Dominance of the sporophyte generation
Development of seeds from fertilized ovules
The transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen
30
what is the purpose of a fruit
aid in seed dispersal
31
where is pollen produced
in the anther
32
function of a petal
to attract pollinators
33
Each microspore undergoes mitosis to produce two cells called what
generative cells and tube cells
34
what is the function of the tube cell
to produce the pollen tube for fertilization
35
what is the function of the generative cell
undergoes mitosis to produce two sperms
36
what plant hormone determines the fate of each cell in the megagametophyte
auxin
37
what is formed at the micropylar end
1 egg and 2 synergids
38
what does the synergid produce
chemical attractants for the tube nucleus to carry the two sperm
39
what type of pollination does angiosperm undergo
indirect pollination(the pollen doesn't touch the ovule directly)
40
when does fertilization occur
after the two sperm reach the female gametophyte
41
explain endosperm development
After double fertilization, the triploid nucleus of the ovule’s central cell divides by mitosis,
forming a multinucleate “supercell” that has a milky consistency (think coconut “milk”. This liquid mass (endosperm) becomes solid
when cytokinesis partitions the cytoplasm by forming membranes between the nuclei (think coconut “meat”)
42
the first mitotic division of the embryo splits into what
the basal cell and terminal cell
43
a thread of cells produced by the basal cell is called what
suspensor
44
what is the function of the suspensor
to help anchor the embryo to the parent plants and pass nutrient
45
what does the terminal cell do
it divides multiple times and forms a spherical proembryo attached to the suspensor
46
where is the cotyledon formed
on the proembryo as bumps
47
the seed dehydrates until what percentage
5-15% of its water content
48
when does a seed enter a state of dormancy
after it dehydrates 5-15% of its water content
49
what embryonic axis is below the cotyledon
hypocotyl
50
what embryonic axis is above the cotyledon
epicotyl
51
what is the coleoptile
the protective sheath covering the shoot found only in monocots
52
what is the coleorhiza
the protective sheath covering the root found only in monocots
53
what is imbibition
the uptake of water due to low water potential in the dry seed
54
what are the effects of imbibiton
swelling of the seed that leads to rupturing of the seed coat that triggers metabolism
55
flowers develop into
fruit
56
ovules develop into
seeds
57
what is a single fruit
develops from a single or several fused carpels
formed from one ovary(grains)
58
what is an aggregate fruit
from a single flower with each carpel forming a fruit(raspberry)
59
what is a multiple fruit
develops from a cluster of flowers that fuse together(pineapple)
60
what is an accessory fruit
fruit formed from other flowering parts that are not carpels( apple, strawberries)
61
What is fragmentation
Separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants
62
What is apomixis
The asexual production of seeds from an ovule skipping meiosis and fertilization straight to the embryo development
63
what are the advantages of asexual reproduction
doesn't need a pollinator
passes all of its genes to its offsprings
vegetative reproduction(food sources from the parent so faster growth compared to sexual reproduction)
64
what are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction
no genetic variation
no seed dormancy
no long distant dispersal
plants are at the risk of local extinction if there's environmental changes
65
what is a disadvantage of selfing
offsprings are the risk of being very weakm
66
mechanisms to prevent selfing
plants may be dioecious
having stamen and carpel on the same plant but maturing at different times
different arrangement of stamen and carpels(longer stamen and short style)
67
what is self incompatibility
the process of a to reject its own pollen or the pollen of a close relative
68
why do gymnosperms have seeds on the ovulate cone
as a result of direct fertilization
69
why do angiosperms have seeds within the fruit
as a result of indirect fertilization
70
what kind of dispersal do gymnosperms seeds undergo
wind
71
what are nodes
the point where leaves are attached
72
what are internodes
the stem segment between nodesa
73
apical buds are also called
shoot apical meristem
74
what is an apical bud
where a young shoot elongates
75
what joins the blade to the stem
petiole
76
root apical meristem increases what
root length
77
what type of plant has a taproot
eudicot
78
rhizomes are modified
stems
79
spines are modified
leaves
80
parachenyma lack what type of cell walls
secondary cell walls
81
parachenyma primarl cell walls are what
thin and flexible
82
which ground tissue performs most metabolic activities
parachenyma
83
amyloplasts store what
starch
84
how do parachenyma repair worn out tissues
by dividing and differentiating
85
what type of ground tissue has thickened primary cell walls
collenchyma
86
collenchyma and parachenyma has what living or dead cells
living cells
87
sclerenchyma has living or dead cells
dead cells
88
Scelerenchyma cells contain secondary cell walls that contain what
Lignin( helps support plants against gravity)
89
what are the two types of sclerenchyma cells
sclerid and fibres
90
which type of sclerenchyma cells is irregularly shaped
sclerid
91
what type of sclerenchyma cell is long, slender strands and tapered end
fibre
92
list the two types of xylem tissue
tracheids and vessel elements
93
how does water move in cell of a tracheid
via pits
94
how are vessel elements aligned
they are aligned end-to-end by perforation plates
95
what type of tissues are in the pholem
sieve tube elements and companion cells
96
what do sieve tube elements lack
a nucleus, ribosome, cytoskeleton and vacoule
97
how are sieve tube elements connected
by sieve platesc
98
companion cells are connected to the sieve tube plates by
plasmodesmata
99
companion cells contain a nucleus and all other organelles
they contain a nucleus and all other organelles
100
where are metabolic products produced in the pholem
companion cells then transferred to the sieve tube elements
101
what is determinate growth
plants stop growing after a certain size
102
what is indeterminate growth
plants keep growing because of meristems
103
what are the two types of meristems
apical and lateral
104
apical meristem enable what kind of growth
enable primary growth(increase in lenght)
105
lateral meristem enable what kind of growth
secondary growth(increase in girth) woody plants
106
Where are organic materials broken down by cellular respiration
Mitochondria
107
Co2 and h2o are by products for
Respiration
108
Concentration of oxygen is always high or low in the respiratory cells
Low
109
What is the concentration of co2 in cells during photosynthesis
Low
110
Transport in plants occurs in three levels what are they
Uptake and release of water and solutes by individual cells
Short distance travel from cell to cell
Long distance travel through xylem and Phloem
111
Root cell absorbing water is what type of level in transport in plants
Uptake of water in individual cells
112
Bulk flow is what type of transport in plants
Long distance transport through xylem and phloem
113
How does co2 enter the plant
Through the leaves
114
How does water and minerals move in plants
They move upward from roots to stem to leaves
115
How does sugar flow in the plants
It flows both ways(upward or downward)
116
How does co2 leave the plant
Through the roots
117
How does oxygen enter the plant
Through the roots
118
Active transport absorbs what
Minerals
119
What is the most active transporter in the plasma membrane
Proton pump
120
What is primary active transport
When the proton pump pumps hydrogen atoms out of the cells causing a gradient as the hydrogen atom concentration is higher outside the cell than inside the cell
121
Explain membrane potential in respects to primary active transport
When the proton pump pumps hydrogen atoms out of the cell it creates a membrane potential or voltage as the inside of cell becomes negatively charged and the outside becomes positively charged
122
Does secondary active transport require direct use of atp
No
123
What is secondary active transport
The use of the energy created by the hydrogen gradients to cotransport neutral solutes
124
The loss of water by a cell occurs by
Osmosis
125
Water potential determines what
The direction of movement of water
126
What is potential
Water’s capacity to perform work
127
Water’s potential is measured in units of pressure
Mpa megapascal
128
What is the water potential for pure water at sea level and room temperature
0 Mpa
