Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 1030 PLAN DIVERSITY > plant diversity 2 > Flashcards

plant diversity 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a complete flower

A

has all floral organs( petal, carpel, sepal, stamen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is an incomplete

A

lacking any of the floral organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a perfect flower

A

a flower having both carpel and stamen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is an imperfect flower

A

only has either a carpel or a stamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is pollination

A

transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing ovules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

angiosperms are pollinated by wind or insects more

A

insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

evolution of interacting species in response to changes in each other

A

coevolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

stamens are whorls of

A

microsporphylls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is sporogenesis

A

development of mega/micro spores via meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is gametogenesis

A

development of gametes via mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is double fertilization

A

when the pollen tube discharges two sperm that fertilizes the egg and the other joins with the two nuclei of the central cell of female gametophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is common to all seed plants

A

heterospory
seeds
ovules
pollen
reduced gametophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

evolutionary trend of gametophyte reduction led to

A

seed plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

reduced gametophyte of seed plants are protected by the

A

ovule and pollen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ferns and other seedless vascular plants are there independent or dependent on the sporophyte

A

they are independent of the sporophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

are non vascular plants dependent or independent of gametophyte

A

they are dependent on gametophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

vascular plants with seeds, are they dependent or independent on sporophyte gen.

A

they are dependent on sporophyte gen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the ancestors of seed plants were homosporous or heterosporous

A

homosporous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does an ovule consist of

A

megasporangium, megaspore, integuments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how many integuments does gymnosperms have

A

one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how many integuments does angiosperm usually have

A

two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the ploidy of the discharged egg nucleus

A

n(haploid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what type of embryo is a seed

A

a sporophyte embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the evolutionary advantages of seed over spores

A

they remain dormant for years until conditions are favourable for germinations
they have a supply of food stored
they may be transported long distances by wind or animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the seed coat is derived from

A

the integument

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

a popular characteristics of the Cycadophyta(cycads)

A

flagellated sperm
palmlike leaves
large cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

a popular characteristics of the Gingkophyta (one living species: Ginkgo biloba)

A

flagellated sperm
high air pollution tolerance
an ornamental tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

the largest gymnosperm phyla

A

coniferophyta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

key features of gymnosperm life

A

Dominance of the sporophyte generation
Development of seeds from fertilized ovules
The transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the purpose of a fruit

A

aid in seed dispersal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

where is pollen produced

A

in the anther

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

function of a petal

A

to attract pollinators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Each microspore undergoes mitosis to produce two cells called what

A

generative cells and tube cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the function of the tube cell

A

to produce the pollen tube for fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the function of the generative cell

A

undergoes mitosis to produce two sperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what plant hormone determines the fate of each cell in the megagametophyte

A

auxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is formed at the micropylar end

A

1 egg and 2 synergids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what does the synergid produce

A

chemical attractants for the tube nucleus to carry the two sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what type of pollination does angiosperm undergo

A

indirect pollination(the pollen doesn’t touch the ovule directly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

when does fertilization occur

A

after the two sperm reach the female gametophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

explain endosperm development

A

After double fertilization, the triploid nucleus of the ovule’s central cell divides by mitosis,
forming a multinucleate “supercell” that has a milky consistency (think coconut “milk”. This liquid mass (endosperm) becomes solid
when cytokinesis partitions the cytoplasm by forming membranes between the nuclei (think coconut “meat”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

the first mitotic division of the embryo splits into what

A

the basal cell and terminal cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

a thread of cells produced by the basal cell is called what

A

suspensor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the function of the suspensor

A

to help anchor the embryo to the parent plants and pass nutrient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what does the terminal cell do

A

it divides multiple times and forms a spherical proembryo attached to the suspensor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

where is the cotyledon formed

A

on the proembryo as bumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

the seed dehydrates until what percentage

A

5-15% of its water content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

when does a seed enter a state of dormancy

A

after it dehydrates 5-15% of its water content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what embryonic axis is below the cotyledon

A

hypocotyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what embryonic axis is above the cotyledon

A

epicotyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is the coleoptile

A

the protective sheath covering the shoot found only in monocots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is the coleorhiza

A

the protective sheath covering the root found only in monocots

53
Q

what is imbibition

A

the uptake of water due to low water potential in the dry seed

54
Q

what are the effects of imbibiton

A

swelling of the seed that leads to rupturing of the seed coat that triggers metabolism

55
Q

flowers develop into

A

fruit

56
Q

ovules develop into

A

seeds

57
Q

what is a single fruit

A

develops from a single or several fused carpels
formed from one ovary(grains)

58
Q

what is an aggregate fruit

A

from a single flower with each carpel forming a fruit(raspberry)

59
Q

what is a multiple fruit

A

develops from a cluster of flowers that fuse together(pineapple)

60
Q

what is an accessory fruit

A

fruit formed from other flowering parts that are not carpels( apple, strawberries)

61
Q

What is fragmentation

A

Separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants

62
Q

What is apomixis

A

The asexual production of seeds from an ovule skipping meiosis and fertilization straight to the embryo development

63
Q

what are the advantages of asexual reproduction

A

doesn’t need a pollinator
passes all of its genes to its offsprings
vegetative reproduction(food sources from the parent so faster growth compared to sexual reproduction)

64
Q

what are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

no genetic variation
no seed dormancy
no long distant dispersal
plants are at the risk of local extinction if there’s environmental changes

65
Q

what is a disadvantage of selfing

A

offsprings are the risk of being very weakm

66
Q

mechanisms to prevent selfing

A

plants may be dioecious
having stamen and carpel on the same plant but maturing at different times
different arrangement of stamen and carpels(longer stamen and short style)

67
Q

what is self incompatibility

A

the process of a to reject its own pollen or the pollen of a close relative

68
Q

why do gymnosperms have seeds on the ovulate cone

A

as a result of direct fertilization

69
Q

why do angiosperms have seeds within the fruit

A

as a result of indirect fertilization

70
Q

what kind of dispersal do gymnosperms seeds undergo

A

wind

71
Q

what are nodes

A

the point where leaves are attached

72
Q

what are internodes

A

the stem segment between nodesa

73
Q

apical buds are also called

A

shoot apical meristem

74
Q

what is an apical bud

A

where a young shoot elongates

75
Q

what joins the blade to the stem

A

petiole

76
Q

root apical meristem increases what

A

root length

77
Q

what type of plant has a taproot

A

eudicot

78
Q

rhizomes are modified

A

stems

79
Q

spines are modified

A

leaves

80
Q

parachenyma lack what type of cell walls

A

secondary cell walls

81
Q

parachenyma primarl cell walls are what

A

thin and flexible

82
Q

which ground tissue performs most metabolic activities

A

parachenyma

83
Q

amyloplasts store what

A

starch

84
Q

how do parachenyma repair worn out tissues

A

by dividing and differentiating

85
Q

what type of ground tissue has thickened primary cell walls

A

collenchyma

86
Q

collenchyma and parachenyma has what living or dead cells

A

living cells

87
Q

sclerenchyma has living or dead cells

A

dead cells

88
Q

Scelerenchyma cells contain secondary cell walls that contain what

A

Lignin( helps support plants against gravity)

89
Q

what are the two types of sclerenchyma cells

A

sclerid and fibres

90
Q

which type of sclerenchyma cells is irregularly shaped

A

sclerid

91
Q

what type of sclerenchyma cell is long, slender strands and tapered end

A

fibre

92
Q

list the two types of xylem tissue

A

tracheids and vessel elements

93
Q

how does water move in cell of a tracheid

A

via pits

94
Q

how are vessel elements aligned

A

they are aligned end-to-end by perforation plates

95
Q

what type of tissues are in the pholem

A

sieve tube elements and companion cells

96
Q

what do sieve tube elements lack

A

a nucleus, ribosome, cytoskeleton and vacoule

97
Q

how are sieve tube elements connected

A

by sieve platesc

98
Q

companion cells are connected to the sieve tube plates by

A

plasmodesmata

99
Q

companion cells contain a nucleus and all other organelles

A

they contain a nucleus and all other organelles

100
Q

where are metabolic products produced in the pholem

A

companion cells then transferred to the sieve tube elements

101
Q

what is determinate growth

A

plants stop growing after a certain size

102
Q

what is indeterminate growth

A

plants keep growing because of meristems

103
Q

what are the two types of meristems

A

apical and lateral

104
Q

apical meristem enable what kind of growth

A

enable primary growth(increase in lenght)

105
Q

lateral meristem enable what kind of growth

A

secondary growth(increase in girth) woody plants

106
Q

Where are organic materials broken down by cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

107
Q

Co2 and h2o are by products for

A

Respiration

108
Q

Concentration of oxygen is always high or low in the respiratory cells

A

Low

109
Q

What is the concentration of co2 in cells during photosynthesis

A

Low

110
Q

Transport in plants occurs in three levels what are they

A

Uptake and release of water and solutes by individual cells
Short distance travel from cell to cell
Long distance travel through xylem and Phloem

111
Q

Root cell absorbing water is what type of level in transport in plants

A

Uptake of water in individual cells

112
Q

Bulk flow is what type of transport in plants

A

Long distance transport through xylem and phloem

113
Q

How does co2 enter the plant

A

Through the leaves

114
Q

How does water and minerals move in plants

A

They move upward from roots to stem to leaves

115
Q

How does sugar flow in the plants

A

It flows both ways(upward or downward)

116
Q

How does co2 leave the plant

A

Through the roots

117
Q

How does oxygen enter the plant

A

Through the roots

118
Q

Active transport absorbs what

A

Minerals

119
Q

What is the most active transporter in the plasma membrane

A

Proton pump

120
Q

What is primary active transport

A

When the proton pump pumps hydrogen atoms out of the cells causing a gradient as the hydrogen atom concentration is higher outside the cell than inside the cell

121
Q

Explain membrane potential in respects to primary active transport

A

When the proton pump pumps hydrogen atoms out of the cell it creates a membrane potential or voltage as the inside of cell becomes negatively charged and the outside becomes positively charged

122
Q

Does secondary active transport require direct use of atp

A

No

123
Q

What is secondary active transport

A

The use of the energy created by the hydrogen gradients to cotransport neutral solutes

124
Q

The loss of water by a cell occurs by

A

Osmosis

125
Q

Water potential determines what

A

The direction of movement of water

126
Q

What is potential

A

Water’s capacity to perform work

127
Q

Water’s potential is measured in units of pressure

A

Mpa megapascal

128
Q

What is the water potential for pure water at sea level and room temperature

A

0 Mpa

BIOL 1030 PLAN DIVERSITY (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions