Plant Diversity Flashcards
Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the “embryophytes”?
a) Bryophyta
b) Viridiplantae
c) Plantae
d) Pterophyta
e) Charophycae
c) Plantae
Which of the following were probably factors that permitted early plants to successfully colonize land?
1) the relative number of potential predators (herbivores)
2)the relative number of competitors
3) the relative availability of symbiotic partners
4) air’s relative lack of support, compared to water’s support
a) 1 and 2
b) 1, 2, and 4
c) 3 and 4
d) 1, 2, and 3
e) 2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to…
a) charophytes
b) flowering plants
c) gymnosperms
d) ferns
e) mosses
d) ferns
At some time during their existence, bryophytes may feature
a) umbilical cells
b) microphylls
c) true roots
d) sporangia
e) true leaves
d) sporangia
If a fern gametophyte is a hermaphrodite (that is, has both male and female gametangia on the same plant), then it
a) has antheridia and archegonia combined into a single sex organ
b) is actually not a fern, because fern gametophytes are always either male or female
c) belongs to a species that is homosporous
d) has lost the need for a sporophyte generation
e) must be diploid
c) belongs to a species that is homosporous
What is a key difference between spores and seeds?
a) spores disperse far distances; seeds are larger and disperse shorter distances
b) spores are multicellular reproductive structures; seeds are unicellular embryos
c) Spores are adapted to mild climates; seeds can withstand dry and cold conditions
d) spores have stored nutrients; seeds do not
e) Spores are single-celled reproductive structures; seeds are multicellular embryos
e) spores are single-celled reproductive structures; seeds are multicellular embryos
Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination?
1) embryo
2) gametes
3) sporophyte
4) protonema
5) gametophore
a) 4 - 3 - 5 - 2 - 1
b) 3 - 1 - 4 - 5 - 2
c) 3 - 4 - 5 - 2 - 1
d) 4 - 1 - 3 - 5 - 2
e) 4 - 5 - 2 - 1 - 3
e) 4 - 5 - 2 - 1 - 3
Which of the following structures are in the gametophyte generation of a moss?
a) egg, sperm, zygote, sporangium
b) buds, leaves, spores, rhizoids
c) antheridia, archegonia, egg, sperm
d) foot, seta, spores, sporangium
c) antheridia, archegonia, egg, sperm
In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a…
a) fern sporophyte
b) moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia
c) fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia
d) hermaphroditic fern gametophyte
e) moss sporophyte
c) fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia
Which of the following can be found in gymnosperms?
a) pollen
b) triploid endosperm
c) fruits
d) nonfertile flower parts
e) carpels
a) pollen
Which of the following flower parts develops into the pulp of a fleshy fruit?
a) ovule
b) stigma
c) micropyle
d) style
e) ovary
e) ovary
Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?
a) ovary
b) anthers
c) carpel
d) stigma
e) ovule
e) ovule
Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed?
a) fruit
b) ovary
c) stamen
d) ovule
d) ovule
Which of the following is most important in making the typical seed more resistant to adverse conditions than the typical spore?
a) ability to be dispersed
b) an internal reservoir of liquid water
c) integument(s)
d) waxy cuticle
e) a different type of sporopollenin
c) integument(s)
Which of the following is true concerning flowering plants?
a) the gametophyte generation is dominant
b) the sporophyte generation is no photosynthetic
c) the flower includes sporophyte tissue
d) the gametophyte generation is what we see when looking at a large plant
e) the sporophyte generation consists of relatively few cells within the flower
c) the flower includes sporophyte tissue
A gymnosperm seed consists of a…
a) megasporangium and food supply
b) sporophyte embryo, food supply, protective seed coat
c) pollen grain and micropyle
d) sporophyte embryo and protective seed coat
e) megasporagium and integument
b) sporophyte embryo, food supply, protective seed coat
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
a) interior of the thylakoid (thylakoid space)
b) stroma of the chloroplast
c) thylakoid membrane
d) cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast
e) outer membrane of the chloroplast
b) stroma of the chloroplast
Compared to C3 plants, C4 plants
a) grow better under cool, moist conditions
b) do not use rubisco for carbon fixation
c) have higher rates of photorespiration
d) make a four-carbon compound, oxaloacetate, which is then delivered to the citric acid cycle in mitochondria
e) can continue to fix CO2 even at relatively CO2 concentrations and high oxygen concentrations
e) can continue to fix CO2 even at relatively CO2 concentrations and high oxygen concentrations
Which of the following statements correctly describes the alternation of generation cycle of a fern?
a) gametophyte-dominant (n) life cycle where spores develop into photosynthetic sporophyte (2n)
b) sporophyte-dominant (n) life cycle where 2 spores fuse to produce the zygote (2n)
c) gametophyte-dominant (2n) life cycle where spores develop into photosynthetic sporophyte (n)
d) sporophyte-dominant (2n) life cycle where spores develop into photosynthetic gametophytes (n)
d) sporophyte-dominant (2n) life cycle where spores develop into photosynthetic gametophytes (n)
A student encounters a pondweed which, judging from its appearance, seems to be a charophyte. She brings a sample back to her biology lab. Using only a compound light microscope to study the sample, which of the following features should help her to determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga?
1. molecular structure of enzymes inside peroxisomes
2. structure of sperm cells
3. presence of phragmoplasts
4. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
a) 2, 3, and 4
b) 1 and 4
c) 1 and 3
d) 1, 3, and 4
e) 2 and 3
a) 2, 3, and 4
Which of the following statements is true for archegonia?
a) They are the sites where male gametes are produced
b) They are the same as sporangia
c) They may temporarily contain sporophyte embryos
d) They are asexual reproductive structures
e) They are the ancestral versions of animal gonads
c) They may temporarily contain sporophyte embryos
Which of the following is true statement about plant reproduction?
a) Gametangia protect gametes from excess water
b) Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia
c) Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction
d) Eggs and sperm of bryophytes swim toward one another
e) Embryophytes are small because they are in an early developmental stage
b) Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia
Considering that the mature sporophytes of true mosses get their nutrition from the gametophytes on which they grow, and considering these generations as individual plants, what is true of the relationship between true moss sporophytes and gametophytes?
a) Sporophytes are commensalists of gametophytes
b) Sporophytes are mutualists of gametophytes
c) Sporophytes are endosymbionts of gametophytes
d) Sporophytes are parasites of gametophytes
d) Sporophytes are parasites of gametophytes
In which of the following taxa does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the gametophyte for nutrition?
a) Bryophyta
b) Pterophyta and Bryophyta
c) horsetail (Equisetum)
d) Pterophyta, Bryophyta, and horsetail (Equisetum)
e) Pterophyta
a) Bryophyta
The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to
a) comprise spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in spore dispersal
b) reduce dehydration
c) provide nutrients to spores
d) make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily
e) repel toxic chemicals
b) reduce dehydration
What is true charophytes?
a) They are examples of seedless vascular plants
b) They share some features in common with land plants, namely spores surrounded by sporopollenin and alternation of generations
c) They are the closest living algal relatives of land plants
d) They are ancestors of green algae
c) They are the closest living algal relatives of land plants
Which of the following are structures of angiosperm gametophytes?
a) immature ovules
b) pollen tubes
c) sepals
d) stamens
e) ovaries
b) pollen tubes
Which of the following is a true statement about angiosperm carpels?
a) carpels surround and nourish the female gametophyte
b) carpels consist of highly modified microsporangia
c) carpels consist of anther and stamen
d) carpels are features of the gametophyte generation
e) carpels are structures that directly produce male gametes
a) carpels surround and nourish the female gametophyte
The seed coat’s most important function is to provide
a) dormancy
b) a nutrient supply for the embryo
c) a nonstressful environment for the megasporangium
d) desiccation resistance
e) the means for dispersal
d) desiccation resistance
How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?
a) by producing triploid cells via double fertilization
b) by nourishing the plants that make them
c) by producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat
d) by attracting insects to the pollen inside
e) by facilitating dispersal of seeds
e) by facilitating dispersal of seeds
A researcher has developed two stains for use with seed plants. One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains, and then rinses away the excess stain, what should occur?
a) The pollen grains will have blue interiors and red exteriors
b) The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors
c) Insofar as the pollen grains are independent of the plant that produced them, they will not absorb either stain.
d) The pollen grains will be pure red.
e) The pollen grains will be pure blue.
b) The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors
All of the following cellular structures are functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms except
a) cell walls
b) mitochondria
c) chloroplasts
d) haploid nuclei
e) peroxisomes
c) chloroplasts
Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the fruit?
a) female gametophyte
b) male sporophyte
c) female sporophyte
d) male gametophyte
c) female sporophyte
Which structure(s) must pass through the micropyle for successful fertilization to occur in angiosperms?
a) only on sperm nucleus
b) the pollen tube
c) two sperm nuclei
d) two of the response above are correct
d) Two of the responses above are correct
- (b) Pollen tube and (c) two sperm nuclei
A spaceship is designed to support animal life for a multiyear voyage to the outer planets of the solar system. Plants will be grown to provide oxygen and to recycle carbon dioxide. If the power fails and the lights go dark, what will happen to CO2 levels?
a) CO2 will fall because plants will increase CO2 fixation
b) CO2 will rise as a result of animal respiration only
c) CO2 will rise as a result of both animal and plant respiration
d) CO2 will remain balanced because plants will continue to fix CO2 in the dark
e) CO2 will fall because plants will cease to respire in the dark
c) CO2 will rise as a result of both animal and plant respiration
CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they
a) use photosystem I and photosystem II at night
b) fix CO2 into organic acids during the night
c) fix CO2 into pyruvate in the mesophyll cells
d) use the enzyme phosphofuctokinase, which outcompetes rubisco for CO2
e) fix CO2 into sugars in the bundle-sheath cells
b) fix CO2 into organic acids during the night
In C3 photosynthesis, the reactions that require ATP take place in
a) the light reactions alone
b) the Calvin cycle alone
c) the chloroplast, but are not part of photosynthesis
d) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle
e) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle
b) the Calvin cycle alone
Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the fruit?
a) female gametophyte
b) male sporophyte
c) female sporophyte
d) male gametophyte
c) female sporophyte
Which of the following is most important in making the typical seed more resistant to adverse conditions than the typical spore?
a) ability to be dispersed
b) an internal reservoir of liquid water
c) integument(s)
d) waxy cuticle
e) a different type of sporopollenin
c) Integument(s)
In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics are unique to the seed-producing plants?
a) use of air currents as a dispersal agent
b) megaphylls
c) lignin present in cell walls
d) sporopollenin
e) pollen
C) Pollen
Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms?
1. pollen transported by wind
2. lignified xylem
3. microscopic gametophytes
4. sterile sporophylls, modified to attract pollinators
5. endosperm
a) 1, 2, and 3
b) 2, 4, and 5
c) 1 and 3
d) 1, 3, and 5
e)1 only
a) 1, 2, and 3
Which structure(s) must pass through the micropyle for successful fertilization to occur in angiosperms?
A) one sperm nucleus
B) two sperm nuclei
C) the pollen tube
D) A and C
E) B and C
e) B and C
1) Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated.
A) sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence; gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence
B) sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence
C) gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence
D) gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence
D) Gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence
The seed coat’s most important function is to provide..
a) dormancy
b) a nutrient supply for the embryo
c) a non-stressful environment for the megasporangium
d) desiccation resistance
e) the means for dispersal
d) desiccation resistance
Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant (living) ferns because they
a) are woody
b) have spores
c) have pollen
d) have sporophylls
e) have macrophylls
c) have pollen
Plants photosynthesize only in the light. Plants respire
a) only when excessive light energy induces photorespiration
b) in the light only
c) never-they get their ATP from photophosphorylation
d) in the dark only
e) both in light and dark
e) both in light and dark
A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are being absorbed by this pigment?
a) green and yellow
b) red and yellow
c) green, blue, and yellow
d) blue, green, and red
e) blue and violet
e) blue and violet
In a plant leaf, the reactions that produce NADH occur in
a) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle
b) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle
c) the Calvin cycle alone
d) the chloroplast, but are not part of photosynthesis
e) the light reactions alone
a) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle
All of the following are common to both charophytes and land plants except
a) chlorophyll b
b) sporopollenin
c) cellulose
d) lignin
e) chlorophyll a.
d) lignin
Three “turns” of the Calvin cycle generate a “surplus” molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). Which of the following is a consequence of this?Some plants would not taste sweet to us.
a) some plants would note taste sweet to us
b) Formation of a molecule of glucose would require nine “turns.”
c) Plants accumulate and store G3P.
d) G3P more readily forms sucrose and other disaccharides than it does monosaccharides.
e) The formation of sucrose and starch in plants involves assembling G3P molecules, with or without further rearrangements.
e) The formation of sucrose and starch in plants involves assembling G3P molecules, with or without further rearrangements
Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes?
a) the flow of electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I
b) the synthesis of ATP
c) the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
d) the reduction of NADP+
e) the splitting of water
b) the synthesis of ATP
Plants photosynthesize only in the light. Plants respire
a) only when excessive light energy induces photorespiration
b) in the light only
c) never-they get their ATP from photoposphorylation
d) in the dark only
e) both in light and dark
e) both in light and dark
Photorespiration occurs when rubisco reacts RuBP with
a) O2
b) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
c) 3-phosphoglycerate
d) CO2
e) NADPH
a) O2
Which of the following statements correctly describes the alternation of generation cycle of a fern?
a) gametophyte-dominant (n) life cycle where spores develop into photosynthetic sporophyte (2n)
b) sporophyte-dominant (n) life cycle where 2 spores fuse to produce the zygote (2n)
c) gametophyte-dominant (2n) life cycle where spores develop into photosynthetic sporophyte (n)
d) sporophyte-dominant (2n) life cycle where spores develop into photosynthetic gametophytes (n)
d) sporophyte-dominant (2n) life cycle where spores develop into photosynthetic gametophytes (n)
Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses?
a) Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes
b) Spores are primarily distributed by water currents
c) The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation
d) The sporophyte generation is dominant
e) The growing embryo gives rise to the gametophyte
a) Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes
A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to
a) carophytes
b) flowering plants
c) gymnosperms
d) ferns
e) mosses
d) ferns
Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest.
1. antheridia
2. gametes
3. gametophytes
4. gametangia
a) 3, 4, 1, 2
b) 1, 4, 2, 1
c) 3, 4, 2, 1
d) 4, 3, 1, 2
e) 3, 1, 2, 4
c) 3, 4, 2, 1
A student encounters a pondweed which, judging from its appearance, seems to be a charophyte. She brings a sample back to her biology lab. Using only a compound light microscope to study the sample, which of the following features should help her to determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga?
1. molecular structure of enzymes inside peroxisomes
2. structure of sperm cells
3. presence of phragmoplasts
4. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
a) 2, 3, and 4
b) 1 and 4
c) 1 and 3
d) 1, 3, and 4
e) 2 and 3
a) 2, 3, and 4
The following are all adaptations to life on land except..
a) tracheids
b) seeds
c) reduced gametophyte generation
d) cuticles
e) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
e) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
At some time during their existence, bryophytes may feature…
a) umbilical cells
b) microphylls
c) true roots
d) sporangia
e) true leaves
d) sporangia
Which of the following are structures of angiosperm gametophytes?
a) immature ovules
b) pollen tubes
c) sepals
d) stamens
e) ovaries
b) pollen tubes
Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success?
a) sperm cells without flagella
b) dominant gametophytes
c) fruits enclosing seeds
d) wind pollination
e) embryos enclosed with seed coats
C) Fruits enclosed within seed coats. Angiosperms are plants that produce flowers, and after fertilization occurs, the ovary of the flower develops into a fruit.
Which of the following structures in the life cycle of a pine are haploid?
a) mature sporophyte, ovulate cone, pollen cone, female gametophyte
b) megasporocyte, megasporangium, megaspore, female gametophyte
c) pollen grains, megaspore, female gametophyte, egg nucleus
d) new sporophyte, pollen cone, pollen grains, microsporocytes
c) pollen grains, megaspore, female gametophyte, egg nucleus
What is true of stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales?
They are modified leaves
In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a
fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia
Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).
1. sporophyte
2. microspores
3. microsporangia
4. pollen cone
5. pollen nuclei
a) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5
b) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
c) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
d) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5
e) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4
d) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5
Three “turns” of the Calvin cycle generate a “surplus” molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). Which of the following is a consequence of this?
a) some plants would bit taste as sweet to us
b) Formation of a molecule of glucose would require nine “turns”
c) Plants accumulate and store G3P
d) G3P more readily forms sucrose and other disaccharides than it does monosaccharides
e) The formation of sucrose and starch in plants involves assembling G3P molecules, with or without further rearrangements
e) The formation of sucrose and starch in plants involves assembling G3P molecules, with or without further rearrangements
Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?
a)The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the carbon fixation step of the Calvin cycle, and the cycle provides water and electrons to the light reactions.
b) The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions.
c) The light reactions supply the Calvin cycle with CO2 to produce sugars, and the Calvin cycle supplies the light reactions with sugars to produce ATP.
d) There is no relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
e) The light reactions provide the Calvin cycle with oxygen for electron flow, and the Calvin cycle provides the light reactions with water to split.
b) The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions.
Considering that the mature sporophytes of true mosses get their nutrition from the gametophytes on which they grow, and considering these generations as individual plants, what is true of the relationship between true moss sporophytes and gametophytes?
a) Sporophytes are commensalists of gametophytes
b) Sporophytes are mutualists of gametophytes
c) Sporophytes are endosymbionts of gametophytes
d) Sporophytes are parasites of gametophytes
Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction?
a) Gametangia protect gametes from excess water
b) Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia
c) Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction
d) Eggs and sperm of bryophytes swim toward one another
e) Embryophytes are small because they are in an early developmental stage
b) both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia
What is true of charophytes?
a) They are examples of seedless vascular plants
b) They share some features in common with land plants, namely spores surrounded by sporopollenin and alternation of generations
c) They are the closest living algal relatives of land plants
d) They are the ancestors of green algae
c) They are the closest living algal relatives of land plants
If a fern gametophyte is a hermaphrodite (that is, has both male and female gametangia on the same plant), then it
a) has antheridia and archegonia combined into a single sex organ
b) is actually not a fern, because fern gametophytes are always either male or female
c) belongs to a species that is homosporous
d) has lost the need for a sporophyte generation
e) must be diploid
c) belongs to a species that is homosporous
