plant defense

Question 1

surrounded by an enormous member of potential enemies.

Answer 1

plants

Question 2

is a principal constituent of the cuticle

Answer 2

cutin

Question 3

forms at sites of leaf abscission and in areas damaged by disease or wounding

Answer 3

suberin

Question 4

is a principal component of the outer cell walls of all underground organs and is associated with the cork cells of the periderm

Answer 4

suberin

Question 5

are not macromolecules, but rather complex mixtures of long-chain acyl lipids that are extremely hydrophobic

Answer 5

waxes

Question 6

form barriers, between the plant and its environment, that function to keep water in and pathogens out.

Answer 6

Cutin, suberin, and their associated waxes form

Question 7

They protect plants against being eaten by herbivores and against being infected by microbial pathogens

Answer 7

Secondary Metabolites

Question 8

They serve as attractants (smell, color, taste) for pollinators and seed-dispersing animals

Answer 8

secondary Metabolites

Question 9

They function as agents of plant-plant competitions and plant microbe symbioses

Answer 9

secondary Metabolites

Question 10

These metabolites are relevant to agriculture; increase reproductive fitness by warding of fungi, bacteria, and herbivore.

Answer 10

secondary Metabolites

Question 11

constitute the largest class of secondary products.

Answer 11

terpenes

Question 12

derived from the union of five-carbon elements that have the branched carbon skeleton of isopentane

Answer 12

terpenes

Question 13

The basic structural elements of terpenes are sometimes called

Answer 13

isoprene units

Question 14

an important group of plant hormones, are diterpenes

Answer 14

gibberellins

Question 15

are triterpene derivatives that are essential components of cell membranes, which they stabilize by interacting with phospholipids

Answer 15

sterols

Question 16

are tetraterpenes that function as accessory pigments in photosynthesis and protect photosynthetic tissues from photooxidation

Answer 16

red, orange, and yellow carotenoids

Question 17

is a C15 terpene produced by degradation of a carotenoid precursor.

Answer 17

abscisic acid

Question 18

Many plants contain mixtures of volatile monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, called

Answer 18

essential oils

Question 19

first isolated from the common fern, Polypodium vulgare, are a group of plant steroids that have the same basic structure as insect molting hormones

Answer 19

phytoecdysones

Question 20

are glycosides (compounds containing an attached sugar or sugars) that taste bitter and are extremely toxic to higher animals. This can be found in foxglove flower (Digitalis)

Answer 20

cardenolides

Question 21

may interfere with sterol uptake from the digestive system or disrupt cell membranes after being absorbed into the bloodstream.

Answer 21

saponins

Question 22

Highly Complex Phenolic
Macromolecule

Answer 22

lignin

Question 23

is found in the cell walls of various types of supporting and conducting tissue, notably the tracheids and vessel elements of the xylem
• Provides mechanical support

Answer 23

lignin

Question 24

protective functions in plants. Its physical toughness deters feeding by animals, and its chemical durability makes it relatively indigestible to herbivores

Answer 24

lignin

Question 25

can inactivate herbivore digestive enzymes and create complex aggregates of tannins and plant proteins that are difficult to digest.

Answer 25

tannins

Question 26

also serve as defenses against microorganisms. For example, the nonliving heartwood of many trees contains high concentrations of tannins that help prevent fungal and bacterial decay

Answer 26

plant tannins

Question 27

accumulates to high levels in some crop plants

acts as an antioxidant in plants

found in apples, pears , carrots, tomatoes and sweet potato and in coffee and tea

Answer 27

chlorogenic acid

Question 28

are common in the food supply, mainly from spicies and red purple fruits and veggies

Answer 28

flavones

Question 29

found in mostly legumes (beans) and have several biological activities.
some, such as the rotenoids, have strong insecticidal actions and anti estrogenic effects

Answer 29

isoflavonoids

Question 30

important in attracting animals for pollination and seed dispersal

Answer 30

anthocyanins

Question 31

contained in citrus, cherries, grapefruit.

show strong antioxidant and rafical scavenging activity

Answer 31

flavanones

Question 32

popular group of flavonoids ehich include catechines and procyanidines found in high concentration in grapes and act as antioxidant

Answer 32

flavanols

Question 33

large class of secondary metabolites in plants that have numerous biological effects in mammals including antitumor and antioxidant

Answer 33

lignans

Question 34

daghan anti anti nga naas strawberry

Answer 34

coumarins

Question 35

symmetric pattern of stripes

Answer 35

nectar guides

Question 36

nitrogen that function as defenses against predators

Answer 36

alkaloids

Question 37

block the synthesis or uptake of protein amino acids

canavanine

result is a nonfunctional protein

Answer 37

non protein amino acids

Question 38

needed for growth and dev and their metabolism appers to be coordinated with the cell cycle

Answer 38

amines

Question 39

poisonous gas hydrogen cyanide

deters feeding by insects and other herbivores

cassava major food source

Answer 39

cyanogenic glycosides

Question 40

found in brassicaceae

responsible for the smell and taste of veggies

Answer 40

glucosinolates