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R2101 Science > Plant Classification > Flashcards

Plant Classification Flashcards

1
Q

What is a species made up of?

A

It’s made up of the Genus and the specific Epithet. Eg Taxus (genus) Baccata (epithet)

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2
Q

5 Reasons why use the botanical name rather than the common name?

A 
It is unique
It is stable
Internationally understood 
Identification of new plants is easier with a logical classification system
Plant characteristics are described
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3
Q

What is a Genus?

A

A genus is a subgroup of a family. It is a taxon made up of groups of species which have similar characteristics. Eg. Rosa

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4
Q

Definition of a Species?

A

Species is the unique binomial name given to a plant. Species are sub groups of genera. Species are the final stage of classification, unless there is a variation. The binomial name is composed of two words - the Genus and the specific epithet.
Eg. Digitalis Purpurea

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5
Q

What are naturally occurring variations called?

A

Sub species, varieties and forms.

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6
Q

What are man made variations called?

A

Cultivars

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7
Q

What are cultivars?

A

Cultivars are horticultural variations of a species rather than natural occurring variations. The cultivar only exists because the gardener has intervened in some way.

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8
Q

4 Reasons why not to use the common name?

A

Some plants don’t have a common name.
One plant can have more than one common name.
Common plant names can mislead - eg. Spanish Moss is not from Spain and is not moss!
One common name can mean different plants in different countries.

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9
Q

Angiosperms have 2 subgroups what are they?

A

Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons

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10
Q

What is an Angiosperm?

A

A flowering plant - includes 300,000 species

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11
Q

What is a Gymnosperm?

A

A conifer, Cycads and ginkos. (only need to know conifers). Small group of 1000 species.

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12
Q

What are the differences between a Gymnosperm and an Angiosperm?

A

Gymnosperms are mainly evergreen.
Angiosperms are evergreen and deciduous.

Angiosperms seed is enclosed in an ovary. (inside fruit)
Gymnosperms seed is naked, not enclosed.

Gymnosperms life cycle - perennial woody trees & shrubs.
Angiosperms lifecycle very diverse - woody, herbaceous, perennial, biennial, annual.

Gymnosperms pollen is wind dispersed.
Angiosperms has diverse mechanism for pollen dispersal. insects, bats, birds & wind.

Gymnosperms reproductive structure is a cone.
Angiosperms reproductive structure is a flower.

Gymnosperms have scale/needle like leaves.
Angiosperms have broad flat leaves.

Gymnosperms non flowering.
Angiosperms flowering.

Gymnosperms only tracheids to transport water.
Angiosperms have xylem vessels and tracheids to transport water.

Gymnosperms source of world’s softwood.
Angiosperms source of world’s hardwood.

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13
Q

What is a Variety?

A

A variety is different to the original species that occurs naturally, but not as different as a subspecies.

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14
Q

What is a form or forma?

A

Form or forma is a plant that has minor differences compared to the original species which occurs naturally. Eg. colour.

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15
Q

What is a Subspecies?

A

A subspecies is a distinct variant. It is very different to the parent species plant, almost a new species but we call it a subspecies.

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16
Q

What is a hybrid?

A

A hybrid is a cross between 2 different species or 2 different genera.

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17
Q

Characteristics of a Moncotyledon leaf?

A

Shape is strap like (long and narrow) with an entire margin.
Attached to the stem with sheath like structure.
Parallel venation.
Bifacial. Stomata on both sides.

18
Q

Characteristics of a Dicotyledons leaf?

A 
Shape is broad with various outlines.  
May have lobed or serrated edge.
Attached to stem by a petiole.
Reticulate venation.
Stomata on under surface only.
19
Q

Characteristics of a Monocotyledons flower?

A

Flower part in multiple of 3

Sepals & petals look similar and are called tepals.

20
Q

Characteristics of a Dicotyledons flower?

A

Flower part in multiples of 4 or 5.
Petals and Sepals look different and are named as separate whorls of petals and sepals. Often green sepals or different colour.

21
Q

Characteristics of a Monocotyledons stem?

A

Stem vascular bundles scattered.
No secondary thickening.
A single stem - usually unbranched like grass/daffodil.

22
Q

Characteristics of a Dicotyledons stem?

A

Stem vascular bundles arranged in a ring.
Secondary thickening as vascular cambium is present.
Branched - trees, shrubs, herbaceous perennials.

23
Q

Characteristics of a Monocotyledons root?

A

Fibrous system - roots all the same thickness.
Pith present.
Multi lobed xylem tissue.
No secondary thickening.
Radicle withers and forms adventitious roots.

24
Q

Characteristics of a Dicotyledons root?

A

Tap root system. Thick first root, then side roots.
No pith.
Simple lobed xylem tissue. (4-7 lobes)
Secondary thickening due to vascular cambium.
Radicle develops into the tap root.

25
Q

Characteristics of a Monocotyledons seed?

A

Embryo has 1 cotyledons.
At maturity may contain food store called endosperm.
eg. Stipa gigantea, Zea mays, Lolium perenne, Narcissus ‘February Gold’.

26
Q

Characteristics of a Dicotyledons seed?

A

Embryo has 2 cotyledons.
At maturity in many the food store is in the cotyledons.
eg. Geranium ‘Rosanne’, Betula utilis subs. jacquemontii ‘moonbeam’.

27
Q

What are the 5 stages of life of a plant?

A

Seed, juvenile, adult/mature, senescence, death.

28
Q

What are the characteristics of the seed life cycle stage?

A

Plant is in it’s dormant stage.
Seed embryo will develop when optimum conditions for germination are provided.
Will use food stored in the seed.
Low respiration rate.
A way for plant to wait for favourable conditions for the next stage of growth thus increasing the chance of survival.

29
Q

What are the characteristics of the juvenile life cycle stage?

A

Starts immediately after germination.
Seedling stage.
Length of juvenile stage varies from plant to plant - months to 40 years for a tree.
Vegetative growth only. Rapid growth. No flowers.

30
Q

What are the characteristics of the Adult/mature life cycle stage?

A

Flowers, fruits and seeds are produced by sexual reproduction. Once this happens plant moves onto the next stage.

31
Q

What are the characteristics of the Senescence life cycle stage?

A

Senescence can apply to decline of the whole plant of just a plant organ. eg. Leaf fall in Autumn or ripening fruit.
Metabolic processes slow. Reproduction & growth cease,

32
Q

What are the characteristics of the death life cycle stage?

A

Respiration & photosynthesis stop.

Cell death and decay/decomposition.

33
Q

Give an example of a plant which has a long juvenile growth period?

A

Wisteria sinensis can stay in juvenile life cycle for up to 20 years! So buy a plant already in flower!

34
Q

How do we delay senescence?

A

By prolonging flowering - dead heading and harvesting, preventing the plant from putting it’s energy into seed production.
Herbaceous perennials can be lifted and divided every 3 years as they will show senescence in the centre and die.
Mow lawns regularly to stop flowering.

35
Q

What are the benefits of senescence?

A

Seeds are ready to collect or as a food crop.
Autumn leaf colour is attractive.
Leaf senescence can indicate time to harvest - potatoes.
Senescent seed heads can provide winter decoration in the ornamental gardens and a food source for wildlife.
Energy from senescent leaves can be stored in the bulb for next years flowers. (daffodil).
Senescent plant materials can be used to make compost.

36
Q

What is ephemeral?

A

A fleeting life cycle and has more than one lifecycle in one growing season. eg. Cardamine hirsuta (Hairy bittercress).

37
Q

An example of a semi evergreen plant?

A

It only loses it’s leaves in extreme winter conditions.

Ligustrum ovalifolium ‘Aureum’ - Golden privet.

38
Q

Definition of a hardy annual?

A

A plant that completes it’s lifecycle in 1 year. It can survive temperatures lower -5 degrees sometimes down to -20 degrees. They are sown direct in Autumn or March.

39
Q

Definition of a half hardy annual?

A

A plant that completes it’s life cycle in a year.
It can survive temperatures down to -5 degrees. It is sown under protection and then planted out when the danger of frost has passed.

40
Q

Definition of a Tender perennial?

A

A plant which lives for more than 2 years, but cannot tolerate cold temperatures so needs to be protected from frost. It is grown under protection when temperatures are below 1 degree. Often overwintered in a heated greenhouse.

41
Q

Give 5 examples of a Hardy Annual?

A 
Lathyrus Odoratus
Calendula officinalis.
Helianthus annus.
Limnanthes Douglasii (poached egg plant)
Nigella Damascena  (love in the mist)
Cosmos Bipinnatus 'Purity'
42
Q

Give 5 examples of Half Hardy Annuals?

A 
Lobelia erinus 'Sapphire'
Begonia semperflorens cultorum.
Petunia x hybrida 'black velvet'
Tagetes patula 'honeycomb'
Pelargonium 'red cascade' - treated as half hardy annual.

R2101 Science (7 decks)

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