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R2101 Science > Flowers, fruits & seeds - Structure & Function > Flashcards

Flowers, fruits & seeds - Structure & Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main functions of flowers?

A

Aid pollination by attracting pollinating insects.
Give rise to seeds. Are the site where male & female cells from t he pollen and in the ovule respectively fuse to form seeds. FERTILISATION.
Give rise to fruits. Are the site where new fruits develop containing the developing seed.

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2
Q

What is the femaie part of the flower called?

A

The Carpel

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3
Q

What 3 parts is the Carpel made up of?

A

Stigma
Style
Ovary

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4
Q

What is the male part of the flower called?

A

Stamen

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5
Q

What 2 parts is the Stamen made up of?

A

Anther

Filament

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6
Q

What is the main difference between a monocot flower and a dicot flower?

A

A monocotyledon flower does not have SEPALS instead they have TEPALS

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7
Q

What are the main labels to remember for flower diagrams!

A 
Carpel = female = Style, Stigma, Ovary
Stamen = Male = Filament & Anther
Sepals and Petals (dicot)
Tepals (monocot - tulip!)
Nectary (or nectar gland)
Ovule
Receptacle
Pedicel
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8
Q

Describe the Resceptacle?

A

The top part of the flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached.

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9
Q

Describe the Nectary

A

Glandular organ that secretes nectar. A sugary solution that attracts insects. Usually positioned at the base of the petals within the receptacle.

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10
Q

Describe the Sepal?

A

Arranged as a whorl. Leaf like structures that protect and enclose the young flower bud before it opens. Usually green.

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11
Q

Describe the Petal?

A

Arranged in a whorl above sepals. Often large and colourful, sometimes scented. Often serves to attract pollinators to the plant.

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12
Q

Describe the Tepal?

A

When petals and sepals look similar in two whorls in monocots they are called tepals. None are referred to as petals or sepals in this case. These tepals serve the same purpose as petals.

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13
Q

Describe the Calyx?

A

All the sepals together form the Calyx.

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14
Q

Describe the Corolla?

A

All the petals together form the corolla.

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15
Q

What is the Stamen?

A

The male parts of the flower consisting of the anther and the filament. The stamen makes pollen grains in the anther.

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16
Q

What is the anther?

A

The pollen producing area of a stamen, located at it’s tip. Male part of the stamen!

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17
Q

What is the filament?

A

The thread like stalk of the stamen which holds up the anther.

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18
Q

What is the Carpel?

A

The female part of the flower which consists of the style, stigma and ovary.

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19
Q

What is the stigma?

A

The top of the carpel. Often sticky. Serves as a receptive surface for pollen grains.

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20
Q

What is the Style?

A

The stalk of a carpel between the stigma and the ovary, through which the pollen tube grows. It holds up the stigma.

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21
Q

What is the ovary?

A

Enlarged base of the carpel containing the ovule or ovules. The ovary matures to become a fruit after fertilisation.

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22
Q

What is the ovule?

A

Located in the ovaries. Ovules carry the female gametes. Ovules become seeds once they have been fertilised. The number of ovules varies from species to species.

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23
Q

What is a perfect flower?

A

A flower which has male and female parts in the same flower. Often the case in real life. Also called hermaphrodite flowers.

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24
Q

What does Monoecious mean?

A

One house.
Male and female flower parts are found in separate flowers on the same plant.
Also known as Imperfect flowers. EG Zea Mays & Cucurbita pepo (courgette)

25
Q

What does Dioecious mean?

A

Two houses.
Male flower parts are found on one plant and female flower parts on another plant of the same species.
EG Ilex aquifolium
Skimmia japonica

26
Q

What is impossible in Dioecious plants?

A

Self pollination is impossible, and if you only have a single male plants you will never have berries because these will only occur on the female.

27
Q

Give 2 examples of Horticultural significance of flower type?

A

Asparagus is dioecious and grown for it’s young shoots, not the fruits. So only male plant grown on allotments!
Skimmia japonica is dioecious and has many different cultivars. Skimmia japonica ‘Rubella’ is male and is grown for it’s clusters of small red buds over winter while Skimmia japonica ‘Nymans’ is female and has bright red berries in Autumn. The female requires the proximity of the male to bear fruits, but the male does not need a female nearby to produce a decorative clusters of buds.
Monoecious plants like sweetcorn plant in blocks so wind can cross pollinate them. Cucumbers may need to be hand pollinated with a brush as less pollinating insects in protected environment.

28
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of the same or another flower of the same species..

29
Q

What is self pollination?

A

When pollen is from the same flower or a flower on the same plant. Common in beans and tomatoes. Means if you save the seeds they are usually true to type.

30
Q

What is cross pollination?

A

Cross pollination is when the pollen has come from a flower of a different plant of the same species.

31
Q

How is pollen moved?

A

Wind or insects (or bats or hummingbirds!)

32
Q

What key words do you need to remember about a wind pollinated typical grass flower?

A

Dangly filaments and Feathery stigma.

33
Q

What insects act as pollinators?

A

Bees, butterflies, wasps, hoverflies and beetles.

34
Q

What environmental factors affect pollination?

A

Bees will not fly in cold windy weather. Wind breaks can ameliorate this.
Insecticides used to kill pests can also kill beneficial insects.
Plant breeding - single flowers easier for insects to access pollen, but double flowers bread for their beauty are much more difficult for insects/bees to access nectar.

35
Q

5 characteristics of a bee pollinated flower?

A

Flower shape allows bee to access the nectar with the proboscis.
Ultra violet invitations. A bee sees a flower differently to the human eye and can see UV lights which may highlight the target.
Presence of nectar at the base of the petals.
Brightly coloured petals to attract the bee.
Landing platform petal such as in pea plants and Sage.
Flowers are fragrant to attract bee.

36
Q

Define fertilisation?

A

The fusion of the male gamete (from pollen) with the female gamete (in the ovule) to form a plant embryo.

37
Q

What does a fertilised embryo in a plant become?

A

A seed

38
Q

How do we get from flower to seed? (5 steps)

A
  1. Male (pollen) and Female (ovary) gametes are produced in the flower.
  2. Pollination - transfer of pollen from the anther in the stamen to the stigma of the carpel in the same species.
  3. Fertilisation - fusion of male gamete from pollen with a female gamete in ovule to form a zygote and then a plant embryo.
  4. Formation of a seed - a seed is defined as a mature ovule consisting of the plant embryo and a protective coat called the testa. It is enclosed inside the fruit. There may be one seed or many.
  5. Growth - fruit and seed development. A seed is defined as mature ovule consisting of the plant embryo and a protective coat the testa.
39
Q

Describe a seed?

A

A living thing but has very reduced metabolic activity until germination begins. A seed is a mature fertilised ovule containing the plant embryo.
It has a protective coat called the testa.
Seeds that are capable of germination are called viable.
Seeds can often survive low temperatures, dry conditions, fungal attack and predators.

40
Q

What is the function of the seed? 4 examples.

A
  1. Distribution of the embryo. (to grow as a new plant)
  2. Protection of the embryo
  3. May impose dormancy.
  4. Gives rise to new plants.
41
Q

Name 9 elements of a seed diagram?

A 
Testa
Cotyledon
embryo
radicle
plumule
hypocotyl
epicotyl
hilum
micropyle
42
Q

What are the 3 differences between a monocot and a dicot seed?

A

Dicotyledon
Broad bean Vicia Faba
2 cotyledons
Endosperm is often absorbed by the cotyledons.

Monocotyledon
Zea Mays (sweetcorn)
1 cotyledon
Endosperm remains separate to the cotyledons.
43
Q

Describe seed germination?

A

Germination starts by the seed absorbing water through imbibition.
Causes seed to swell and the testa to split. Thus speeding up water entry.
Respiration begins to speed up. Energy is released as a result, and growth begins.
The radicle is the first structure to break through the testa and grows downwards.
Then the hypocotyl, epicotyl and shoot emerge.
Germination is temperature, oxygen and water dependant.

44
Q

What are the two types of germination called?

A

Epigeal

Hypogeal

45
Q

What is epigeal germination? Give example.

A

Phaseolus vulgaris or Helianthus annus.

Epigeal germination means the cotyledons are carried with the hypocotyl above the soil.

46
Q

Describe epigeal germination?

A

The seed swells as water is absorbed and rapid cell division occurs.
The radicle emerges and pushes downwards.
The hypocotyl elongates and pushes the cotyledons above the soil surface.
The seed leaves turn green and photosynthesise until the true leaves develop. Then the cotyledons shrivel.

47
Q

What is hypogeal germination? Give example?

A

Hypocotyls and cotyledons stay below ground.

Example - Vicia faba (broad bean)

48
Q

Describe hypogeal germination?

A

The seed swells as water is absorbed and rapid cell division occurs.
The radicle emerges and pushes downwards.
The epicotyl elongates and pushes the the hooked plumule upwards.
The cotyledons remain below the surface.
The first leaves seen above ground are the true leaves.
Then the cotyledons shrivel.

49
Q

Horticultural significance of seeds.

A

Gardeners can store seeds for later use providing conditions are optimum.
Plant species can survive unfavourable growth conditions by waiting them out as a seed.
Seeds and fruits act as food for humans - crops such as maize and beans, apples and peaches.
Seed dispersal influences weed spread.

50
Q

Definition of a fruit.

A

Fruits are formed from the ovary after fertilisation of the flower.
Fruits = mature ripened ovaries that contain fertilised ovules, which become the seeds.
Thus the fruit is the entire ovary containing the seed.

51
Q

What is the function of a fruit?

A
  1. To aid in protection of the seeds. Physically & chemically.
  2. To aid in dispersal.
  3. May impose dormancy on the seed.
52
Q

Give 3 examples of seed wind dispersal?

A

Blades or wings - Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore)
Parachute - Taraxacum officinalis (dandelion)
Censer (pepper pot) - Nigella Damascena.

53
Q

Give an example of water seed dispersal?

A

Palm tree coconuts.
Float to land and germinate somewhere else.
The outer fibrous layer is water repellant and buoyant.

54
Q

Give an example of seed dispersal by explosion?

A 
Lathyrus odoratus
Vicia Faba (broad bean)
Pods have a line of weakness (a seam) that when it dries becomes tense until the point where it releases the tension suddenly and splits open explosively flinging seeds some distance away.
55
Q

Give 3 examples of animal dispersal of seeds?

A

Scatter hoarding - squirrels.
Quercus robur - Oak / Fagus sylvatica (Beech)
Attachment - Many small hooks like velcro.
Arctium minus (burdock)
Frugivory - fruit eating. Birds and animals eat the fruit and disperse the seeds further away in the faeces.
Rubus fruticosa (bramble.)
Ilex aquifolium.

56
Q

What is the botanical name for sycamore tree?

A

Acer pseudoplatanus

57
Q

What is the botanical name for broad bean?

A

Vicia faba

58
Q

What is the botanical name for Oak?

A

Quercus robur

R2101 Science (7 decks)

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