Plant Cells and Tissues Flashcards
Plants being living organisms are composed of?
Cells
Group of cells that perform specialized functions
Tissues
Several tissue types that carry out a specific function
Organs
Three basic cell types in plants:
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
The three basic cell types are based off of their?
Cell wall composition
PARENCHYMA:
Thin primary walls
Typically alive at maturity
Many functions (metabolic functions)
COLLENCHYMA:
Uneven thickened primary walls
Typically alive at maturity
Provides flexible support
Collenchyma provides flexible support without ___
Restraining growth
SCLERENCHYMA:
- primary walls + thick secondary walls
- many dead at maturity
- provide RIGID support
- some (tracheary elements) are involved in water transport
Cell type that acts as the skeleton of the plant:
Sclerenchyma
Cell walls of parenchyma composition?
Mostly cellulose
Do parenchyma cells have secondary walls?
No
Perform most of the cells’ metabolic function
Parenchyma cells
Are parenchyma cells totipotent?
Yes
A mature parenchyma usually has a ___
Large central vacuole
Parenchyma subtype with big intracellular spaces; function?
Aerenchyma, for gas exchange
Subtype of parenchyma for Photosynthesis
Chlorenchyma
The thin walls of chlorenchyma cells function for
Light absorption
Mesophyll layers contain ___ cells
Chlorenchyma
Parenchyma subtype for protection
Boundary parenchyma
The cuticle protects against?
Injury, water loss and infection
Parenchyma subtype for storage
Storage parenchyma
Potato tuber is a modified ___
Stem
Subtype of parenchyma that keeps the plant growing
Meristematic parenchyma
Where are meristematic parenchyma located?
Terminal ends; Root and Shoot apical meristem
Meristematic parenchyma are ___ active
Mitotically
Lateral meristems:
Vascular and Cork cambium
Collenchyma cells are usually grouped in ___
Strands
Collenchyma cells have secondary walls?
No
Collenchyma cells can be found immediately after the ___
Epidermis
Types of cell wall thickening in collenchyma cells
Angular
Tangential
Annular
Lacunar
Sclerenchyma cells have thick secondary walls with ___
Lignin (NonCarbohydrate)
Why are sclerenchyma cells dead at maturity?
To serve their function for structural support
Two types of Sclerenchyma cells:
Sclereids and Fibers
Protects the bulb scale of garlic
Epidermal sclereids
Vessels and Tracheids can be found in the ___
Xylem
Vessels are ___ compared to tracheids
Wider and shorter, with thinner secondary walls
In between vessels, there are ___
Perforation plates
In tracheids, water moves through the ___
Pits
Bordered pitted is more ___ than simple pitted
Durable
Two types of tissues in plants
Simple and Complex
Two types of water conducting cells in Xylem
Tracheids and Vessel elements
Tracheids are found in ___
All vascular plants
Vessel elements are ___
Common to most angiosperms and a few gymnosperms
The phloem is composed of
Sugar conducting cells
Types of Sugar conducting cells:
Sieve tube elements and Sieve plates
Each sieve tube element has a ___
Companion cell
In between two sieve tube elements, there are ___
Sieve plates
Each plant organ has ___, ___, and ___
dermal, vascular and ground tissues
Each plant organ has ___, ___, and ___
dermal, vascular and ground tissues
The veins of leaves are ___ tissues.
Vascular
Tissue system that is the outer protective covering of the plant
Dermal tissue system
Tissue system that carries out long distance transport of materials between roots and shoots
Vascular tissue system
Conveys WATER and dissolved minerals upwards from roots into the shoots
Xylem
Conveys WATER and dissolved minerals upwards from roots into the shoots
Xylem
Transports ORGANIC NUTRIENTS from where they are made to where they are needed
Phloem
Collective term for the vascular tissue of a stem or root
Stele
In angiosperms, the stele of the root is a solid central ___
Vascular cylinder
The vascular tissue of stems and leaves is divided into ___, strands of xylem and phloem.
Vascular bundles
Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular
Ground tissue system
Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue
Pith
Ground tissue external to the vascular tissue
Cortex
Perpetually embryonic, dividing tissues, that allow for indeterminate growth
Meristems
Where are apical meristems located?
Tips of roots
Tips of shoots
Axillary buds of shoots
Elongation of shoots and roots
Primary growth
Addition of thickness or girth to woody plants
Secondary growth
Adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem
Vascular cambium
Replaces epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher
Cork cambium
Do monocots undergo secondary growth?
No
Can primary and secondary growth occur simultaneously?
Yes, but in different locations.
