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General Botany Lecture > Plant cell cycle > Flashcards

Plant cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Plants that use flowers to reproduce are called?

A

Angiosperms

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2
Q

Dictated by continuous generation of new cells

A

Growth

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3
Q

Achieved through cell expansion and cell division

A

Growth

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4
Q

A region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome

A

Telomere

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5
Q

Thread-like structures in a cells nucleus (visible only during cell division)

A

Chromosomes

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6
Q

Made up of proteins and DNA

A

Chromosomes

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7
Q

Cabbage, Haplopappus gracilis, Olea europea, Ophioglossum reticulatum

A

20 chromosomes, 4 chromosomes, 46 chromosomes, 1262 chromosomes

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8
Q

Members of a chromosome pair that are similar in size, shape, and genetic constitution

A

Homologous chromosomes

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9
Q

Homologous chromosomes have the same genetic traits but not necessarily identical, True or False?

A

True
Example: homologous pair carrying a gene that specifies flower color but each chromosome may contain different colors

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10
Q

A cell in which each chromosome occurs in pairs (somatic cells)

A

Diploid (2n)

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11
Q

A cell that has a single set of chromosomes (gametes)

A

Haploid (n)

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12
Q

The _____ is a successive series of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell

A

Cell cycle/ cell division

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13
Q

The cell cycle is often represented by a ____

A

Circle

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14
Q

The period between TWO successive cell divisions, represented by a complete revolution of the circle, is?

A

Generation time

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15
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

Perform cell growth, DNA duplication, and preparatory stage (for M phase)

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16
Q

A localized areas of the plant body where mitosis and cytokinesis take place most of the time

A

Meristems

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17
Q

Cell division occur in ______ and _____

A

Apical meristems and Lateral meristem

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18
Q

Mitosis can occur in both apical and lateral meristems, True or False?

A

True

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19
Q

Mitosis can only occur in _____ of a plant body

A

Meristems

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20
Q

Allows the production and subsequent elongation of new cells, causing an increase to the length of growing stem and roots

A

Apical meristem

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21
Q

Produce additional wood and bark tissue that add girth

A

Lateral meristem

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22
Q

It is the stage between successive cell divisions

A

Interphase

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23
Q

Interphase means…

A

Between phases

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24
Q

In this stage, the cell synthesizes materials and grows and DNA duplication

A

Interphase

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25
What are the subphases of interphase?
Gap I phase, Synthesis phase, and Gap II phase
26
Pre-synthesis phase, cell growth, duplication of organelles, one nucleolus, and light chromatin
G1 or Gap I phase
27
This checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage
G1 checkpoint
28
Duplication of nucleus, synthesis of DNA and protein, "Replicated chromosomes" after ____ phase
S phase or synthesis phase
29
Post-synthesis phase, cell grows more, more organelles are being made, prepares the cell for the actual division, and a larger nucleus
GII phase or Gap II phase (Larger nucleus means two nucleoli and darker chromatin materials)
30
This is called the resting phase
G0 or Gap 0 phase
31
Cells may opt to enter G0 phase depending on ______
intrinsic and extrinsic factors (resource availability, nutritional deprivation, etc.)
32
In G0 phase, a cell stops performing its function (metabolic activities), True or False?
False, it continues to perform its function
33
Cells that enter G0 phase TEMPORARILY
Quiescent stage
34
Cells that enter the G0 phase PERMANENTLY
Senescent stage
35
What are the important processes under interphase?
DNA replication, Transcription, and Translation
36
It is the process of replicating DNA through semi-conservative replication
DNA replication
37
It indicates or signals the completion of interphase
Mitosis Technically, it's both Mitosis and Meiosis
38
This is when visible changes in the cell cycle take place
Mitosis Technically, it's both Mitosis and Meiosis
39
Most cellular activities are suspended during this phase
Mitosis Technically, it's both Mitosis and Meiosis
40
What are the stages of Mitosis
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase (PMAT)
41
A mechanism that maintains the equal distribution of chromosome, producing two identical daughter cells
Mitosis
42
A nuclear division (karyokinesis) that involves condensation and separation of replicated chromosomes
Mitosis
43
Mitosis is a carefully controlled process that organized and separates the chromosomes correctly, True or False?
True
44
The stage of the division of the cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
45
(In mitosis) Chromosomes become condensed, visible, shorter, and thicker
Prophase
46
A specialized region of a chromosome
Centromere
47
The portion of the centromere to which the mitotic spindle fibers attach
Kinetochore
48
Function in chromosome distribution during mitosis
Microtubules
49
The nuclear envelope breaks apart and the nucleus shrinks and disappears
Prophase
50
A small, membrane-enclosed sac (used to transport materials within the cell membrane)
Vesicle
51
It is the structure consisting mainly of microtubules that provides the framework for chromosome movement
Spindle
52
The spindle grows and elongates as they move toward the center of the cell in a "search and capture" process, True or False?
False The spindle GROWS and SHRINKS
53
The stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up on the midplane, individual chromosomes are MORE distinct in this phase
Metaphase
54
These are completely visible and composed of numerous microtubules during the metaphase
Mitotic spindle
55
In this mitosis stage, sister chromatids separate and move toward the poles
Anaphase
56
What are chromatids that are no longer attached to their duplicates called?
Independent chromosome
57
Anaphase ends when all the chromosomes have reached the poles, True or False?
True
58
The stage of mitosis where chromosomes arrive at the pole and return to their interphase condition
Telophase
59
The stage of mitosis where chromosomes begin to elongate by uncoiling and become invisible chromatin threads
Telophase
60
Cytokinesis generally begins during telophase, True or False?
True
61
In cytokinesis, the formation of _____ occurs
Cell plate (once phragmoplast)
62
This is the stage where two daughter cells form
Cytokinesis
63
Reproductive cells which have half the diploid number of chromosomes
Gametes
64
A fertilized egg produced upon union of the female gamete and the male gamete
Zygote
65
Each new cell that results from meiosis is a ______
Haploid cell
66
_____ separates the members of each homologous pair of chromosomes
Meiosis
67
It consists of two cell division
Meiosis
68
Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in somatic cells by half, True or False?
False, it should be reproductive cells
69
Meiosis means?
To make smaller
70
As a result of meiosis, each gamete has two chromosomes of each pair, True or False?
False, each gamete only has ONE chromosome of each pair
71
In this meiosis stage, the homologous chromosomes come together to lie side by side lengthwise
Prophase I
72
It is the pairing of homologous chromosomes
Synapsis
73
It is the sharing of genetic material between two non-sister chromatids and produces new combination of genes
Crossing over
74
In this meiosis stage, the spindle forms and the nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear
Prophase I
75
What are the substages of Prophase I in order?
Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, and Diakinesis
76
In this stage, homologous chromosomes line up in pairs along the midplane
Metaphase I
77
Both kinetochores of one duplicated chromosome are attached by spindle microtubules to the same pole (In Metaphase I), True or False?
True
78
In this stage, the paired homologous chromosomes separate, and only one member of each homologous pair is present at each pole
Anaphase I
79
At the onset of anaphase I, each _____ separate
Bivalent
80
In this stage, there would be two duplicated chromosomes, one of each homologous pair, at each pole
Telophase I
81
In this stage, the nuclei reorganize, chromatids elongate, and cytokinesis MAY occur
Telophase I
82
Two haploid cells are formed at the end of Meiosis I, True or False?
True
83
In this stage, there is no pairing of homologous chromosomes and no crossing-over occurs, chromosomes also become shorter and thicker
Prophase II
84
In this stage of Meiosis, the chromosomes consisting of sister chromatids line up on the midplane, and new spindle become conspicuous and complete
Metaphase II
85
In this stage, the paired chromosome separate and only one member of each homologous pair is present at each pole
Anaphase II
86
(In meiosis) The centromeres and chromatids of each chromosome separate and migrate to opposite poles
Anaphase II
87
In this stage, each chromosome is in an unduplicated state
Telophase II
88
In this Meiosis II stage, nuclear envelope reform and the chromatids gradually elongate into threadlike chromatin
Telophase II
89
The main feature of this Meiosis II stage is, the chromatids relax so that the chromosomes become larger and thinner, and new nuclear envelope and nucleoli reappear
Telophase II
90
This results in four haploid daughter cells, each containing one of each kind of chromosome
Meiosis (Meiosis I and Meiosis II)
91
What are the two sources of genetic variation?
1.) DNA segments are exchanged between maternal and paternal homologues during crossing over 2.) During meiosis, the maternal nd paternal chromosomes of homologous pairs separate independently so that each member of a pair is randomly distributed to one of the poles at anaphase
92
What is the starting cell of Meiosis?
A diploid cell

General Botany Lecture (3 decks)

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