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General Botany Lecture > Plant cell cycle > Flashcards

Plant cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Plants that use flowers to reproduce are called?

A

Angiosperms

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2
Q

Dictated by continuous generation of new cells

A

Growth

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3
Q

Achieved through cell expansion and cell division

A

Growth

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4
Q

A region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome

A

Telomere

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5
Q

Thread-like structures in a cells nucleus (visible only during cell division)

A

Chromosomes

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6
Q

Made up of proteins and DNA

A

Chromosomes

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7
Q

Cabbage, Haplopappus gracilis, Olea europea, Ophioglossum reticulatum

A

20 chromosomes, 4 chromosomes, 46 chromosomes, 1262 chromosomes

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8
Q

Members of a chromosome pair that are similar in size, shape, and genetic constitution

A

Homologous chromosomes

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9
Q

Homologous chromosomes have the same genetic traits but not necessarily identical, True or False?

A

True
Example: homologous pair carrying a gene that specifies flower color but each chromosome may contain different colors

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10
Q

A cell in which each chromosome occurs in pairs (somatic cells)

A

Diploid (2n)

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11
Q

A cell that has a single set of chromosomes (gametes)

A

Haploid (n)

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12
Q

The _____ is a successive series of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell

A

Cell cycle/ cell division

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13
Q

The cell cycle is often represented by a ____

A

Circle

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14
Q

The period between TWO successive cell divisions, represented by a complete revolution of the circle, is?

A

Generation time

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15
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

Perform cell growth, DNA duplication, and preparatory stage (for M phase)

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16
Q

A localized areas of the plant body where mitosis and cytokinesis take place most of the time

A

Meristems

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17
Q

Cell division occur in ______ and _____

A

Apical meristems and Lateral meristem

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18
Q

Mitosis can occur in both apical and lateral meristems, True or False?

A

True

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19
Q

Mitosis can only occur in _____ of a plant body

A

Meristems

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20
Q

Allows the production and subsequent elongation of new cells, causing an increase to the length of growing stem and roots

A

Apical meristem

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21
Q

Produce additional wood and bark tissue that add girth

A

Lateral meristem

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22
Q

It is the stage between successive cell divisions

A

Interphase

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23
Q

Interphase means…

A

Between phases

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24
Q

In this stage, the cell synthesizes materials and grows and DNA duplication

A

Interphase

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25
Q

What are the subphases of interphase?

A

Gap I phase, Synthesis phase, and Gap II phase

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26
Q

Pre-synthesis phase, cell growth, duplication of organelles, one nucleolus, and light chromatin

A

G1 or Gap I phase

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27
Q

This checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage

A

G1 checkpoint

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28
Q

Duplication of nucleus, synthesis of DNA and protein, “Replicated chromosomes” after ____ phase

A

S phase or synthesis phase

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29
Q

Post-synthesis phase, cell grows more, more organelles are being made, prepares the cell for the actual division, and a larger nucleus

A

GII phase or Gap II phase
(Larger nucleus means two nucleoli and darker chromatin materials)

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30
Q

This is called the resting phase

A

G0 or Gap 0 phase

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31
Q

Cells may opt to enter G0 phase depending on ______

A

intrinsic and extrinsic factors (resource availability, nutritional deprivation, etc.)

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32
Q

In G0 phase, a cell stops performing its function (metabolic activities), True or False?

A

False, it continues to perform its function

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33
Q

Cells that enter G0 phase TEMPORARILY

A

Quiescent stage

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34
Q

Cells that enter the G0 phase PERMANENTLY

A

Senescent stage

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35
Q

What are the important processes under interphase?

A

DNA replication, Transcription, and Translation

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36
Q

It is the process of replicating DNA through semi-conservative replication

A

DNA replication

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37
Q

It indicates or signals the completion of interphase

A

Mitosis
Technically, it’s both Mitosis and Meiosis

38
Q

This is when visible changes in the cell cycle take place

A

Mitosis
Technically, it’s both Mitosis and Meiosis

39
Q

Most cellular activities are suspended during this phase

A

Mitosis
Technically, it’s both Mitosis and Meiosis

40
Q

What are the stages of Mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase (PMAT)

41
Q

A mechanism that maintains the equal distribution of chromosome, producing two identical daughter cells

A

Mitosis

42
Q

A nuclear division (karyokinesis) that involves condensation and separation of replicated chromosomes

A

Mitosis

43
Q

Mitosis is a carefully controlled process that organized and separates the chromosomes correctly, True or False?

A

True

44
Q

The stage of the division of the cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

45
Q

(In mitosis) Chromosomes become condensed, visible, shorter, and thicker

A

Prophase

46
Q

A specialized region of a chromosome

A

Centromere

47
Q

The portion of the centromere to which the mitotic spindle fibers attach

A

Kinetochore

48
Q

Function in chromosome distribution during mitosis

A

Microtubules

49
Q

The nuclear envelope breaks apart and the nucleus shrinks and disappears

A

Prophase

50
Q

A small, membrane-enclosed sac (used to transport materials within the cell membrane)

A

Vesicle

51
Q

It is the structure consisting mainly of microtubules that provides the framework for chromosome movement

A

Spindle

52
Q

The spindle grows and elongates as they move toward the center of the cell in a “search and capture” process, True or False?

A

False
The spindle GROWS and SHRINKS

53
Q

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up on the midplane, individual chromosomes are MORE distinct in this phase

A

Metaphase

54
Q

These are completely visible and composed of numerous microtubules during the metaphase

A

Mitotic spindle

55
Q

In this mitosis stage, sister chromatids separate and move toward the poles

A

Anaphase

56
Q

What are chromatids that are no longer attached to their duplicates called?

A

Independent chromosome

57
Q

Anaphase ends when all the chromosomes have reached the poles, True or False?

A

True

58
Q

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes arrive at the pole and return to their interphase condition

A

Telophase

59
Q

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes begin to elongate by uncoiling and become invisible chromatin threads

A

Telophase

60
Q

Cytokinesis generally begins during telophase, True or False?

A

True

61
Q

In cytokinesis, the formation of _____ occurs

A

Cell plate (once phragmoplast)

62
Q

This is the stage where two daughter cells form

A

Cytokinesis

63
Q

Reproductive cells which have half the diploid number of chromosomes

A

Gametes

64
Q

A fertilized egg produced upon union of the female gamete and the male gamete

A

Zygote

65
Q

Each new cell that results from meiosis is a ______

A

Haploid cell

66
Q

_____ separates the members of each homologous pair of chromosomes

A

Meiosis

67
Q

It consists of two cell division

A

Meiosis

68
Q

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in somatic cells by half, True or False?

A

False, it should be reproductive cells

69
Q

Meiosis means?

A

To make smaller

70
Q

As a result of meiosis, each gamete has two chromosomes of each pair, True or False?

A

False, each gamete only has ONE chromosome of each pair

71
Q

In this meiosis stage, the homologous chromosomes come together to lie side by side lengthwise

A

Prophase I

72
Q

It is the pairing of homologous chromosomes

A

Synapsis

73
Q

It is the sharing of genetic material between two non-sister chromatids and produces new combination of genes

A

Crossing over

74
Q

In this meiosis stage, the spindle forms and the nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear

A

Prophase I

75
Q

What are the substages of Prophase I in order?

A

Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, and Diakinesis

76
Q

In this stage, homologous chromosomes line up in pairs along the midplane

A

Metaphase I

77
Q

Both kinetochores of one duplicated chromosome are attached by spindle microtubules to the same pole (In Metaphase I), True or False?

A

True

78
Q

In this stage, the paired homologous chromosomes separate, and only one member of each homologous pair is present at each pole

A

Anaphase I

79
Q

At the onset of anaphase I, each _____ separate

A

Bivalent

80
Q

In this stage, there would be two duplicated chromosomes, one of each homologous pair, at each pole

A

Telophase I

81
Q

In this stage, the nuclei reorganize, chromatids elongate, and cytokinesis MAY occur

A

Telophase I

82
Q

Two haploid cells are formed at the end of Meiosis I, True or False?

A

True

83
Q

In this stage, there is no pairing of homologous chromosomes and no crossing-over occurs, chromosomes also become shorter and thicker

A

Prophase II

84
Q

In this stage of Meiosis, the chromosomes consisting of sister chromatids line up on the midplane, and new spindle become conspicuous and complete

A

Metaphase II

85
Q

In this stage, the paired chromosome separate and only one member of each homologous pair is present at each pole

A

Anaphase II

86
Q

(In meiosis) The centromeres and chromatids of each chromosome separate and migrate to opposite poles

A

Anaphase II

87
Q

In this stage, each chromosome is in an unduplicated state

A

Telophase II

88
Q

In this Meiosis II stage, nuclear envelope reform and the chromatids gradually elongate into threadlike chromatin

A

Telophase II

89
Q

The main feature of this Meiosis II stage is, the chromatids relax so that the chromosomes become larger and thinner, and new nuclear envelope and nucleoli reappear

A

Telophase II

90
Q

This results in four haploid daughter cells, each containing one of each kind of chromosome

A

Meiosis (Meiosis I and Meiosis II)

91
Q

What are the two sources of genetic variation?

A

1.) DNA segments are exchanged between maternal and paternal homologues during crossing over
2.) During meiosis, the maternal nd paternal chromosomes of homologous pairs separate independently so that each member of a pair is randomly distributed to one of the poles at anaphase

92
Q

What is the starting cell of Meiosis?

A

A diploid cell

General Botany Lecture (3 decks)

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