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General Botany Lecture > Chemical basis of plant life > Flashcards

Chemical basis of plant life Flashcards

1
Q

Are uncharged sub-atomic particles of essentially the same mass as protons

A

Neutrons

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2
Q

They contribute to the structural stability of the nucleus (of atoms)

A

Neutrons

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3
Q

Because of neutrons, an element can exist in several chemically distinguishable but physically identical forms, True or False?

A

False!
It should be physically distinguishable but chemically identical forms

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4
Q

An atom is most stable when its innermost electron shell is filled, True or False?

A

False
It should be the outermost electron shell

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5
Q

_____ do not depend on shared electrons but rather attractive forces between atoms having opposite charges

A

Non-covalent bonds

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6
Q

What kind of molecule is water?

A

Polar covalent molecule

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7
Q

_____ is formed when an electron is transferred from one atom to another

A

Ionic bond

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8
Q

It plays an important role in binding protein molecules to DNA molecules

A

Ionic bonds

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9
Q

The DNA molecule is composed of two different strands held by a ______

A

Non-covalent hydrogen bond
(this is what the notes say but I think it should be covalent)

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10
Q

Plant life is totally dependent on sugar, True or False?

A

It is technically true but for this question, the answer is Water so it’s False.

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11
Q

It is a highly asymmetric molecule

A

Water/ water molecule

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12
Q

The importance of water to plant life:

A

Temperature buffer, Capillary action, Solvent, and Transparent to light

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13
Q

The property of water that can resist rapid temperature fluctuations which adds stability to the plant body

A

Temperature buffer

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14
Q

This happens because of the property of water that is cohesive, adhesive, and high surface tension

A

Capillary action

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15
Q

The ability of one water molecule to bind with another water molecule

A

Cohesion

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16
Q

It refers to the attraction of water molecules to non-water hydrophilic substances

A

Adhesion

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17
Q

The ability of the hydrogen bonds of water molecules to dissolve solutes

A

Solvent

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18
Q

It determines the structure of biological molecules and the types of interaction in which they can engage

A

Water

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19
Q

It is chemically inert that water will not react unless they are enzymatically designed to react, True or False?

A

True

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20
Q

It is the major component of plant cells (almost 70%)

A

Water

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21
Q

As the central vacuole absorbs water, it can provide structural support via _______

A

Turgor pressure

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22
Q

Water plays a vital role in cell _____ and _____

A

elongation and growth

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23
Q

Uncharged non-polar molecules that do not dissolve in water because they form few or no hydrogen bonds at all

A

Hydrophobic molecules or hydrophobes

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24
Q

These are clamps of cages where an endothermic reaction happens when a hydrophobic molecule is added to water

A

Micelles

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25
Q

Are lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solutions:

A

Micelles

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26
Q

Interactions that occur between hydrophobic molecules are called?

A

Van der waals interaction

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27
Q

These are hydrophobic molecules found in the body

A

Fats and oils (lipids)

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28
Q

Polar molecules that dissolve in water because they can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

A

Hydrophilic molecules or hydrophiles

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29
Q

This mixing of molecules causes an exothermic reaction

A

Hydrophilic molecules mixing with water molecules

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30
Q

These are charged molecules (hydrophiles) found in the plant body

A

Salt and ions

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31
Q

Several macromolecules and small molecules fall under the category of?

A

Biomolecules

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32
Q

These contain carbon atoms, is the structural molecules of a plant cell, and carry out activities for the cell

A

Macromolecules

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33
Q

Macromolecules are constructed from monomers to polymers by what process?

A

Polymerization

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34
Q

What are the major macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acid

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35
Q

To form macromolecules, cells maintain a pool of low molecular weight precursors (monomers), True or False?

A

True

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36
Q

What are the monomers of the main macromolecules?

A

Sugar, fatty acid (and glycerol), amino acid, and nucleotides

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37
Q

It is an intermediate or end product of metabolism

A

Metabolites or metabolic intermediates

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38
Q

Molecules found in the cell are synthesized in a step-by-step sequence beginning with a specific starting material

A

Metabolic pathway

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39
Q

It is an energy-releasing reaction and it breaks down complex metabolites into simpler ones

A

Catabolic reactions

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40
Q

It is an energy-consuming reaction and it builds up new molecules

A

Anabolic reaction

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41
Q

It is an intermediate energy carrier

A

ATP

42
Q

The conversion of one molecule to other may either be dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis, True or False?

A

True

43
Q

Monomers that combine via covalent bonds to form polymers

A

Dehydration synthesis

44
Q

Water is the biproduct of what biochemical reaction?

A

Dehydration synthesis

45
Q

It is the breaking down of molecules using water molecules (polymers to monomers)

A

Hydrolysis

46
Q

In the hydrolysis of _____, one part gains two positively charged hydrogen while the other gains one negatively charged oxygen

A

Ionized molecules

47
Q

Compounds that are formed along the metabolic pathways leading to the end product that can have no function per se

A

Metabolic intermediates or metabolites

48
Q

Molecules of different functions

A

Miscellaneous functions

49
Q

A molecule of miscellaneous function that adjuncts to proteins

A

Vitamins

50
Q

Signal molecules that affect plant growth

A

Hormones

51
Q

is ATP part of the miscellaneous functions, True or False?

A

True

52
Q

Molecules of miscellaneous functions which has an example of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP)

A

Regulatory molecules

53
Q

An example of metabolic waste product produced in the cell (miscellaneous function)

A

Urea

54
Q

The main plant biological molecules (biomolecules)

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein, and Nucleic acid

55
Q

Carbohydrates are sometimes called _____

A

Glycans

56
Q

Simplest sugars

A

Monosaccharides

57
Q

The general formula of carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n

58
Q

Each sugar molecule is made of carbon atoms backboned and linked together in a linear array in a single carbonyl group, True or False?

A

False
Instead of the carbonyl group, it should be the hydroxyl group

59
Q

a.) A sugar with a carbonyl group located at the internal position?
b.) A sugar with a carbonyl group located at one end of the sugar?

A

a.) ketol group = ketose
b.) aldehyde group = aldose

60
Q

Sugar names are dependent on?

A

The number of carbons

61
Q

Two monosaccharides form?

A

Disaccharides

62
Q

The sugar linkage between sugars to form larger molecules is called

A

Covalent glycosidic bond

63
Q

It is the major component (sugar) of plant sap
(Sap is a fluid transported in xylem cells or phloem sieve tube elements of a plant. These cells transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.)

A

Sucrose or table sugar

64
Q

Short chains of repeating sugar subunits (glycolipids and glycoproteins)

A

Oligosaccharides

65
Q

These are commonly found p[rojecting from the surface of the plasmalemma (cell membrane) that would function in distinguishing one type of cell from another

A

Oligosaccharides

66
Q

Long chains of repeating sugar subunits (cellulose and starch)

A

Polysaccharides

67
Q

A biomolecule that functions primarily as a source and storage of chemical energy

A

Carbohydrates

68
Q

A biomolecule that plays a vital role as structural component of the cell

A

Carbohydrates

69
Q

A diverse group of non-polar molecules that cannot be dissolved in water (can be dissolved in organic solvent, water is inorganic)

A

Lipids

70
Q

Building blocks (precursor or monomer) of lipids

A

Fatty acids
More specifically, 1 glycerol linked with ester bonds to 3 fatty acids

71
Q

Lipids are sometimes called ______ or ______

A

triacylglycerol or triglycerides

72
Q

Molecules with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

A

Amphipathic

73
Q

a.) Fatty acids that lack double bonds?
b.) Fatty acids that possess double bonds?

A

a.) Saturated
b.) Unsaturated

74
Q

Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats, respectively?

A

Fats and oil, respectively.

75
Q

A kind of lipid with 2 fatty acids and 1 glycerol (the 3rd group is linked to a phosphate group)

A

Phospholipids

76
Q

What is the cell membrane mainly composed of?

A

bilayer of Phospholipids

77
Q

The hydrophilic head of phospholipid contains the phosphate group while the hydrophobic tail contains 2 fatty acids, True or False?

A

True

78
Q

A biomolecule that promotes chemical reactions

A

Protein (enzymes)

79
Q

A biomolecule that forms channels and pumps in the cell membrane

A

Protein (protein channels)

80
Q

They act as signal integrators and carry messages from one cell to another

A

Protein

81
Q

It propels organelles within the cytoplasm

A

Protein

82
Q

The monomers of proteins

A

Amino acids

83
Q

Amino acids contain a carboxyl group and amino group separated by a single carbon atom called?

A

Alpha carbon

84
Q

Amino acids are classified into four groups (based on the side chain or R group):

A

Polar charged, polar uncharged, non-polar, and sidechains with unique properties

85
Q

What are the four protein structures?

A
  1. Primary structure (amino acid sequence)
  2. Secondary structure (regular sub-structures)
  3. Tertiary structure (three-dimensional structure)
  4. Quaternary structure (complex protein molecules)
86
Q

Protein catalyst for chemical reactions and lowers activation energy to start reactions

A

Enzymes

87
Q

Enzymes are not altered irreversibly during the course of reactions, True or False?

A

True

88
Q

The name of an enzyme is dependent on the ____

A

Substrate they are acting with

89
Q

This usually ends with a suffix -ase

A

Enzyme

90
Q

What is the ‘catalyze reaction’ process of enzymes called?

A

Once called lock-and-key model, now called induced-fit model

91
Q

The binding of a substrate to an enzyme’s active site is termed?

A

Enzyme-substrate complex or ES complex

92
Q

Long chains of nucleotides (monomer)?

A

Nucleic acids

93
Q

A nucleotide is composed of?

A

pento-sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group

94
Q

The sugar (ribosugar or deoxyribosugar) and nitrogenous base form the?

A

Nucleoside

95
Q

A nucleotide used as energy for metabolism

A

ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate

96
Q

Two kinds of nitrogenous bases

A

Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Thymine in DNA, Uracil in RNA) and purines (Adenine and Guanine)

97
Q

A kind of nucleic acid that has a single strand, is not stable in alkaline solutions, and is resistant to damage from UV light

A

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

98
Q

A kind of nucleic acid that is double-stranded and longer, vulnerable to damage from UV light, but more stable because of the pento-sugar it has.

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

99
Q

Functions of nucleotides:

A

Energy for metabolism, enzyme cofactors, and signal transduction

100
Q

Functions of nucleic acid:

A

Storage, transmission, and processing of genetic information, and protein synthesis

General Botany Lecture (3 decks)

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