Chemical basis of plant life Flashcards
Are uncharged sub-atomic particles of essentially the same mass as protons
Neutrons
They contribute to the structural stability of the nucleus (of atoms)
Neutrons
Because of neutrons, an element can exist in several chemically distinguishable but physically identical forms, True or False?
False!
It should be physically distinguishable but chemically identical forms
An atom is most stable when its innermost electron shell is filled, True or False?
False
It should be the outermost electron shell
_____ do not depend on shared electrons but rather attractive forces between atoms having opposite charges
Non-covalent bonds
What kind of molecule is water?
Polar covalent molecule
_____ is formed when an electron is transferred from one atom to another
Ionic bond
It plays an important role in binding protein molecules to DNA molecules
Ionic bonds
The DNA molecule is composed of two different strands held by a ______
Non-covalent hydrogen bond
(this is what the notes say but I think it should be covalent)
Plant life is totally dependent on sugar, True or False?
It is technically true but for this question, the answer is Water so it’s False.
It is a highly asymmetric molecule
Water/ water molecule
The importance of water to plant life:
Temperature buffer, Capillary action, Solvent, and Transparent to light
The property of water that can resist rapid temperature fluctuations which adds stability to the plant body
Temperature buffer
This happens because of the property of water that is cohesive, adhesive, and high surface tension
Capillary action
The ability of one water molecule to bind with another water molecule
Cohesion
It refers to the attraction of water molecules to non-water hydrophilic substances
Adhesion
The ability of the hydrogen bonds of water molecules to dissolve solutes
Solvent
It determines the structure of biological molecules and the types of interaction in which they can engage
Water
It is chemically inert that water will not react unless they are enzymatically designed to react, True or False?
True
It is the major component of plant cells (almost 70%)
Water
As the central vacuole absorbs water, it can provide structural support via _______
Turgor pressure
Water plays a vital role in cell _____ and _____
elongation and growth
Uncharged non-polar molecules that do not dissolve in water because they form few or no hydrogen bonds at all
Hydrophobic molecules or hydrophobes
These are clamps of cages where an endothermic reaction happens when a hydrophobic molecule is added to water
Micelles
Are lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solutions:
Micelles
Interactions that occur between hydrophobic molecules are called?
Van der waals interaction
These are hydrophobic molecules found in the body
Fats and oils (lipids)
Polar molecules that dissolve in water because they can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules
Hydrophilic molecules or hydrophiles
This mixing of molecules causes an exothermic reaction
Hydrophilic molecules mixing with water molecules
These are charged molecules (hydrophiles) found in the plant body
Salt and ions
Several macromolecules and small molecules fall under the category of?
Biomolecules
These contain carbon atoms, is the structural molecules of a plant cell, and carry out activities for the cell
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are constructed from monomers to polymers by what process?
Polymerization
What are the major macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acid
To form macromolecules, cells maintain a pool of low molecular weight precursors (monomers), True or False?
True
What are the monomers of the main macromolecules?
Sugar, fatty acid (and glycerol), amino acid, and nucleotides
It is an intermediate or end product of metabolism
Metabolites or metabolic intermediates
Molecules found in the cell are synthesized in a step-by-step sequence beginning with a specific starting material
Metabolic pathway
It is an energy-releasing reaction and it breaks down complex metabolites into simpler ones
Catabolic reactions
It is an energy-consuming reaction and it builds up new molecules
Anabolic reaction
It is an intermediate energy carrier
ATP
The conversion of one molecule to other may either be dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis, True or False?
True
Monomers that combine via covalent bonds to form polymers
Dehydration synthesis
Water is the biproduct of what biochemical reaction?
Dehydration synthesis
It is the breaking down of molecules using water molecules (polymers to monomers)
Hydrolysis
In the hydrolysis of _____, one part gains two positively charged hydrogen while the other gains one negatively charged oxygen
Ionized molecules
Compounds that are formed along the metabolic pathways leading to the end product that can have no function per se
Metabolic intermediates or metabolites
Molecules of different functions
Miscellaneous functions
A molecule of miscellaneous function that adjuncts to proteins
Vitamins
Signal molecules that affect plant growth
Hormones
is ATP part of the miscellaneous functions, True or False?
True
Molecules of miscellaneous functions which has an example of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP)
Regulatory molecules
An example of metabolic waste product produced in the cell (miscellaneous function)
Urea
The main plant biological molecules (biomolecules)
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein, and Nucleic acid
Carbohydrates are sometimes called _____
Glycans
Simplest sugars
Monosaccharides
The general formula of carbohydrates
(CH2O)n
Each sugar molecule is made of carbon atoms backboned and linked together in a linear array in a single carbonyl group, True or False?
False
Instead of the carbonyl group, it should be the hydroxyl group
a.) A sugar with a carbonyl group located at the internal position?
b.) A sugar with a carbonyl group located at one end of the sugar?
a.) ketol group = ketose
b.) aldehyde group = aldose
Sugar names are dependent on?
The number of carbons
Two monosaccharides form?
Disaccharides
The sugar linkage between sugars to form larger molecules is called
Covalent glycosidic bond
It is the major component (sugar) of plant sap
(Sap is a fluid transported in xylem cells or phloem sieve tube elements of a plant. These cells transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.)
Sucrose or table sugar
Short chains of repeating sugar subunits (glycolipids and glycoproteins)
Oligosaccharides
These are commonly found p[rojecting from the surface of the plasmalemma (cell membrane) that would function in distinguishing one type of cell from another
Oligosaccharides
Long chains of repeating sugar subunits (cellulose and starch)
Polysaccharides
A biomolecule that functions primarily as a source and storage of chemical energy
Carbohydrates
A biomolecule that plays a vital role as structural component of the cell
Carbohydrates
A diverse group of non-polar molecules that cannot be dissolved in water (can be dissolved in organic solvent, water is inorganic)
Lipids
Building blocks (precursor or monomer) of lipids
Fatty acids
More specifically, 1 glycerol linked with ester bonds to 3 fatty acids
Lipids are sometimes called ______ or ______
triacylglycerol or triglycerides
Molecules with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
Amphipathic
a.) Fatty acids that lack double bonds?
b.) Fatty acids that possess double bonds?
a.) Saturated
b.) Unsaturated
Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats, respectively?
Fats and oil, respectively.
A kind of lipid with 2 fatty acids and 1 glycerol (the 3rd group is linked to a phosphate group)
Phospholipids
What is the cell membrane mainly composed of?
bilayer of Phospholipids
The hydrophilic head of phospholipid contains the phosphate group while the hydrophobic tail contains 2 fatty acids, True or False?
True
A biomolecule that promotes chemical reactions
Protein (enzymes)
A biomolecule that forms channels and pumps in the cell membrane
Protein (protein channels)
They act as signal integrators and carry messages from one cell to another
Protein
It propels organelles within the cytoplasm
Protein
The monomers of proteins
Amino acids
Amino acids contain a carboxyl group and amino group separated by a single carbon atom called?
Alpha carbon
Amino acids are classified into four groups (based on the side chain or R group):
Polar charged, polar uncharged, non-polar, and sidechains with unique properties
What are the four protein structures?
- Primary structure (amino acid sequence)
- Secondary structure (regular sub-structures)
- Tertiary structure (three-dimensional structure)
- Quaternary structure (complex protein molecules)
Protein catalyst for chemical reactions and lowers activation energy to start reactions
Enzymes
Enzymes are not altered irreversibly during the course of reactions, True or False?
True
The name of an enzyme is dependent on the ____
Substrate they are acting with
This usually ends with a suffix -ase
Enzyme
What is the ‘catalyze reaction’ process of enzymes called?
Once called lock-and-key model, now called induced-fit model
The binding of a substrate to an enzyme’s active site is termed?
Enzyme-substrate complex or ES complex
Long chains of nucleotides (monomer)?
Nucleic acids
A nucleotide is composed of?
pento-sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group
The sugar (ribosugar or deoxyribosugar) and nitrogenous base form the?
Nucleoside
A nucleotide used as energy for metabolism
ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate
Two kinds of nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Thymine in DNA, Uracil in RNA) and purines (Adenine and Guanine)
A kind of nucleic acid that has a single strand, is not stable in alkaline solutions, and is resistant to damage from UV light
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
A kind of nucleic acid that is double-stranded and longer, vulnerable to damage from UV light, but more stable because of the pento-sugar it has.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
Functions of nucleotides:
Energy for metabolism, enzyme cofactors, and signal transduction
Functions of nucleic acid:
Storage, transmission, and processing of genetic information, and protein synthesis
