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Biology 1002 > Plant Biology > Flashcards

Plant Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Of the three main cell types: parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, which is used for structural support in young growing tissue?

A

Collenchyma cells (gives strength but allows growth).

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2
Q

Define indeterminate growth as it applies to plants.

A

Indeterminate plant growth from the meristems is continuous - meaning they continue to grow throughout their lives.

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3
Q

Why are apical meristems an important adaptation to life in a terrestrial environment?

A

They are embryonic tissue that allows continual growth in the apex.

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4
Q

The antheridia produces _____________? The archegonia produces ________________?

A

Antheridia produces male sperm. Archegonia produced female eggs.

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5
Q

Is the plant embryo haploid or diploid? Into which plant generation (sporophyte or gametophyte) will the embryo develop?

A

The plant embryo is haploid and will develop into the sporophyte generation.

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6
Q

List 4 challenges of the terrestrial environment to plants.

A

Air can desiccate, split nutrient supply, vertical growth against gravity and difficult to disperse gametes.

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7
Q

List 5 key features of plants.

A

1) Apical meristems
2) Alternation of generations
3) Walled spores produced in the sporangia
4) Multicellular gametangia
5) Multicellular dependent embryos

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8
Q

What is the advantage in vertical growth?

A

Light (photosynthesis)

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9
Q

Vessels provide the means of distributing water and nutrients within a plant. What is another important function of vessels in plants?

A

Structure.

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10
Q

Two key themes define the evolution of seed plants:

a) Increasing dominance of the ____________________________________
b) Increasing protection of the _____________________________________

A

a) sporophyte

b) embryo

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11
Q 
A micro (male) gametophyte is otherwise known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A mega (female) gametophyte is otherwise known as\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

microgametophyte: pollen
megagametophyte: ovule/seed (embryo sac)

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12
Q

A seed is made up of three components - list these.

A

Protective coat.
Food source.
Embryo.

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13
Q

What are 5 benefits of a seed?

A 
Protects embryo.
Provides food.
Promotes dispersal.
Fertilisation without water.
Development can be delayed.
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14
Q

What features characterise the group of plants known as Gymnosperms:

A

The seed is not enclosed by an ovary, and the ovules are not totally enclosed by sporophyte at fertilisation.

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15
Q

What are the differences between Eudicots and Monocots?

A

Eudicot: 2 seed leaf, net veins in leaves, taproot vascular tissue.
Monocot: 1 seed leaf, parallel veins in leaves, fibrous roots.

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16
Q

Angiosperms are distinguished by having the ovule encased in a ________?

A

Sporophyte tissue (carpel).

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17
Q

What role does the fruit play in the angiosperms?

A

Attracts animals (dispersers).

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18
Q

List 7 reproductive features of flowers.

A

1) Gametophyte in flowers
2) Mature microgametophyte 3 cells (in pollen)
3) Mature megagametophyte approx 7 cells (in ovule)
4) No antheridia or archegonia
5) Megagametophyte retained in sporophyte
6) Sperm transferred via pollen tube
7) Ovary develops into fruit

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19
Q

In flowering plants the megagametophyte is also known as the ______________________?

A

Ovule

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20
Q

How many cells and how many nuclei make up the mature megagametophyte in angiosperms?

A

7 cells and 8 nuclei.

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21
Q

What role does the carpel play in angiosperm reproduction?

A

It is the enclosing tissue in the fruit (fruitlet).

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22
Q

Describe the role and importance of double fertilization.

A

Two sperm are released into the megagametophyte (ovule). One fuses with the egg and the other fuses with 2 polar nuclei (central cell). This results in the zygote (2n) developing into embryo and central (3n) develops into endosperm.

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23
Q

Name the three organs that make up the plant body and state two important functions of each.

A

Roots: access below ground (water and nutrients), holds plant in place.
Stems: Access above ground, reproductive
Leaves: Access above ground, photosynthesis, reproductive.

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24
Q

The vascular tissue is further divided into 2 specific tissues. Name them and include three cell types for each.

A

Xylem: water and nutrient conducting tissue + structural support.
Phloem: food (soluble sugar) conducting tissue.

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25
Q

What are the functions of:
Dermal tissue
Vascular tissue
Ground tissue

A

Dermal: In primary stems, roots and leaves, it is called epidermis, surmised of 3 main cell types - epidermal cells, guard cells (mostly in leaves, trichomes (mostly in leaves). In secondary stems and roots, it is called the periderm, surmised of 3 main cell types - cork cells, cork cambium, secondary cortex.
Vascular: Responsible for moving water and nutrients around plant body - xylem and phloem tissue.
Ground: A matrix in which other tissues are embedded. Divided into pith (internal to vascular tissue) and cortex (external to vascular tissue).

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26
Q

Approximately how long ago did the first land plant appear?

A

480 million years ago.

27
Q

List adaptations of plants to terrestrial environments.

A

1) Roots, stems and leaves
2) Cuticle – water proofing
3) Seed–delivery system for the embryo
4) Stomata–control water loss and gas exchange
5) Water proofing & protection of reproductive structures
6) Vertical growth through supporting structures and a vascular system

28
Q

Define “bark”.

A

Bark is the periderm + cortex + phloem. If you want to kill a tree, remove the bark.

29
Q

Define water potential terms and their symbols.

A

Water potential in plants is a function of solute concentration and the resistance of the cell wall (pressure in the cell). Water moves from regions of higher water potential to lower water potential, measured in megapascal (MPa). Pure water has a water potential of 0 MPa.

30
Q

True or False? Water will move into a cell if its solute concentration is higher than the surrounding medium.

A

True.

31
Q

True or False? As water moves into a plant cell, the cell pressure will increase until the inside the cell reaches equilibrium with of the extracellular fluid.

A

True.

32
Q

Define source and sink. How can a leaf be both a source and a sink?

A

Sources are photosynthetic tissues (eg leaves) or storage organs (eg potato tuber) - wherever sugar is made or stored.
Sinks are non-photosynthetic tissue (eg roots, immature leaves, seeds and fruits) - wherever sugar is being stored or used.
A leaf can be both as it is a sink in its immature life stage, then it becomes a source in maturity.

33
Q

Explain how the proton pump can load sugar into the phloem from an area of lower to higher sugar concentration.

A

Active phloem transportation: sucrose is actively loaded in the phloem. The water potential in phloem decreases and water moves in from xylem. Hydrostatic pressure drives water and sucrose along phloem. Sucrose is unloaded at sink. The water potential in the phloem increases. Water moves back into xylem. Pressure inside the sieve cell decreases.

34
Q

Define an Essential Element.

A

Essential elements are required for the plant to complete its life cycle.

35
Q

Define Macronutrient and Micronutrient and list about 5 of each.

A

Macronutrients are required in large amounts. Examples: Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Sulfur. Micronutrients are required in only trace amounts. Examples: Chlorine, Iron, Manganese, Boron, Zinc, Copper, Nickel, Mylobdenum.

36
Q

Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient. List three functions of nitrogen in plant metabolism.

A

Nucleic acids, proteins, hormones, chlorophylls and coenzymes.

37
Q

In what form is nitrogen available to plants?

A

Ammonium.

38
Q

Nitrogen is a highly mobile nutrient. Why would older leaves show the greatest symptoms of nitrogen deficiency?

A

The nitrogen is mobile and thus can move to the growing tissues in the plant (through the phloem) and therefore the older leaves are deficient in nitrogen.

39
Q

List the factors that vary the amount of light that reaches a plant.

A 
Latitude
Season
Time of day
Cloud cover
Pollution and dust
Position of plant within its environment
40
Q

What is etiolation?

A

Etiolation is a morphological adaptation for growing in darkness. De-etiolation (greening) is the morphological changes in response to light.

41
Q

What are the four stages of plants responding to environmental signals?

A

1) Sensing the signal = reception
2) Amplifying signal = transduction
3) Response at cellular level
4) Growth response at whole plant level

42
Q

Define phototropism.

A

Tropism is a growth response or a bending of the stem in response to a stimuli.
Phototropism is growth in response too light. (photo=light)

43
Q

Explain the Acid Growth Hypothesis.

A

Auxin stimulated lowering of pH in the cell wall. A low pH activates enzymes that break hydrogen bonds between cellulose micro fibrils, loosening the cell wall and allowing for expansion. K+ ions are pumped into the cell, water potential decreases and water moves into the cell down the water potential gradient - the cell elongates.

44
Q

List the 6 major plant hormone groups:

A

1) Auxins
2) Cytokinins
3) Gibberellins
4) Brassinosteroids
5) Abscisic acid
6) Ethylene

45
Q

Provide a simple definition for heat stress in plants.

A

Heat stress is when the threshold temperature is exceeded and tissue damage results.

46
Q

Why does photosynthesis and respiration decline with excessive heat?

A

When a plant suffers excessive heat, the proteins (enzymes) of the chloroplasts and mitochondria are effected by increasing temperature.

47
Q

Describe anatomical, physiological, molecular and metabolic adaptations to heat stress.

A

Anatomical: reflective, vertical, small or dimorphic leaves, or no leaves at all
Physiological: leaf rolling, increase transpiration.
Molecular: Heat Shock Proteins
Metabolic: Ca mediated reduction increase in pH, synthesis of membrane stabilising hydrocarbons.

48
Q

Which roots contain vessels: root hairs or secondary roots?

A

Answer

49
Q

What is the principal plant hormone used in phototropism?

A

Answer

50
Q

Besides phototropism, name one other plant tropism.

A

Answer

51
Q

Draw a diagram of a heterosporous plant life cycle. You do not have to draw a plant. Ensure that the processes and structures are in the correct order.

A

Diagram

52
Q

Of the three main cell types, 1. Parenchyma, 2. Collenchyma, and 3. Sclerenchyma, which
has a secondary wall made of lignin?

A

Answer

53
Q

True or false: Plants with a short life span (the so called annual plants) grow
indeterminately.

A

Answer

54
Q

What colour would a plant leaf turn if it were deficient in the essential elements magnesium,
nitrogen and/or iron?

A

Answer

55
Q

True or False: Root hairs originate from the periderm.

A

Answer

56
Q

What is the role of the endodermis in roots?

A

Answer

57
Q

In terms of the movement of dissolved carbohydrates in the phloem tissue of a plant, define
source and sink.

A

Answer

58
Q

Shoot apical meristems and root apical meristems are the two meristems responsible for
primary tissue growth. What are the names of the two lateral meristems responsible for
secondary lateral growth?

A

Answer

59
Q

Define parenchyma cells.

A

‘Space-filling’ cells that have a simple structure and large vacuole. They have no secondary walls, are living and are often photosynthetic or used for storage.

60
Q

Define pollination.

A

The transfer of pollen to the stigma. This is often facilitated by a vector such as wind or a more directional vector such as insects or birds that are attracted to the flowers by food.

61
Q

Define seed.

A

A vessel for the embryo that provides many benefits such as protection from desiccation and physical harm (provided by the integument) but also carries a food reserve to ensure the embryo has a rapid and successful beginning when local conditions are appropriate for germination.

62
Q

Define apical meristem.

A

A region of embryonic cells that can differentiate into all the required tissue types. The apical meristems are involved in primary growth and allow for continuous/indeterminate growth upwards at the shoots and downwards at the roots.

63
Q

Define sporophyte.

A

A plant that produces spores by meiosis in sporangia, therefore is in the diploid phase of alternation of generations.

64
Q

Explain how plants that become water stressed can become heat stressed.

A

If there is available water, plants can maintain a low temperature by evaporative cooling. If water is scare then plants will close stomata to avoid desiccation. This means that evaporative cooling is no longer an option and the temperature cannot be controlled. This can result in tissue damage.

Biology 1002 (4 decks)

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