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Biology > Plant Biology > Flashcards

Plant Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What do plants need access to?

A

Water, minerals and carbon dioxide

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2
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Gas exchange in the leaf, where plants minimise water loss through guard cells of stomata

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3
Q

Cohesive property of water

A

Allows transport of water under tension

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4
Q

What are the walls of xylem thickened with?

A

Lignin, strengthens the wall to allow plant to withstand low pressures of water without collapsing

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5
Q

Xylem vessels are formed of

A

Files of cells arranges end to end

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6
Q

Function of xylem

A

To enable water transport within plant

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7
Q

Transpirational pull

A

Water inside the vessel is moved upwards towards leaves

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8
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules are polar and stick to each other

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9
Q

Adhesion

A

Same polarity interacts with hydrophilic parts of xylem vessels
This results in a continuous stream of water through the plant

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10
Q

What type of process is a transpirational pull?

A

Passive process

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11
Q

Cavitation

A

When liquid is unable to resist low pressures in xylem vessel and column of liquid breaks

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12
Q

Active transport

A

Used to move compounds inside cells

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13
Q

Apoplast way

A

Water moves through cell walls of epidermal cells of root

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14
Q

Symplast way

A

Water moves through cytoplasm of epidermal cells of root

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15
Q

Casparian strip

A

A layer impermeable to water and surrounds core of root

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16
Q

What is the phloem composed of?

A

Sieve tubes

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17
Q

Sieve tubes are

A

Columns of specialised cells called sieve tube cells

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18
Q

Translocation

A

Transporting organic solutes

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19
Q

Sources

A

Areas where sugars and amino acids are loaded into phloem

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20
Q

Sinks

A

Where sugars and amino acids are unloaded and used

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21
Q

Sinks can

A

Turn into sources

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22
Q

Xylem

A

Column of dead cells with cell end walls removed

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23
Q

Xylem function

A

To transport water and minerals

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24
Q

Where are structure and function correlated?

A

In the xylem of plants

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25
Q

Phloem uses

A

Active transport and uses it to load organic compounds into phloem sieve tubes at source

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26
Q

What does the phloem transport?

A

Sap from source to sink

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27
Q

Sap

A

Mixture of water, carbohydrates, minerals, amino acids and plant hormones

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28
Q

Phloem loading

A

Plants bring sugar into the phloem

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29
Q

Apoplast route in phloem

A

Sucrose travels though cells walls from mesophyll cells to cell walls of companion cells where a sucrose transport protein actively transports sugars in

30
Q

Walls of sieve tubes

A

Are thick to accommodate pressure needed for flow of sap inside tubes

31
Q

Phloem function

A

Loading carbohydrates, transporting them over long distances and unloading them at sinks

32
Q

Phloem

A

Composed of living cells with sieve plates

33
Q

Environmental conditions

A

Plants adapt their growth to it

34
Q

Meristems

A

Composed of undifferentiated cells undergoing active cell division

35
Q

Primary meristems

A

Found at tip of stems and roots

36
Q

Apical meristems

A

Are primary meristems

37
Q

Shoot apical meristem is complex

A

Throws off the cell cycle and produces cells that grow and develop into leaves and flowers

38
Q

Where are young leaves produced?

A

At the sides of shoot apical meristem and are called leaf primordia

39
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical message produced and released in part of organism to have an effect on another part in the organism

40
Q

Auxin

A

Hormone that initiates growth of roots

41
Q

IAA

A

A role in control of growth in shoot apex, promotes elongation of cells in stems

42
Q

Axillary buds

A

Form at junction or node of stem and base of leaf

43
Q

Apical dominance

A

Shoot apical meristem grows and forms leaves, regions of meristem are left behind at node

44
Q

Cytokinins

A

Promote axillary bud growth

45
Q

Ratio

A

Between cytokinins and auxin determine whether axillary bud will develop

46
Q

Tropism

A

Directional response to directional external stimulus

47
Q

Phototropism

A

Response to light

48
Q

Gravitropism

A

Response to gravity

49
Q

Phototropism

A

Regulated by proteins called phototropins

50
Q

Phototropins

A

Regulate transcription of genes that can play a rope in transport of auxin which is indirectly involved in phototropism

51
Q

Micro propagation

A

Uses ability of plants to produce identical ones of the original ones

52
Q

Pollination

A

Transfer of pollen to stigma

53
Q

Pollen

A

Male gametes

54
Q

Stigma

A

Female reproductive organ

55
Q

Flowering

A

Involves a change in gene expression in shoot apex

56
Q

Vegetative phase

A

Until a trigger causes plant to produce flowers

57
Q

Change from vegetative phase to reproductive phase

A

Happens when meristem in shoot start to produce parts of flowers instead of leaves

58
Q

Short day plants

A

Start to flower when there are less hours of daylight

59
Q

Long day plants

A

Starts to flower when there are long hours of daylight

60
Q

FT gene

A

Flowering gene

61
Q

Phytochrome

A

Far red light and red light

62
Q

Pr

A

Converted to Pfr and absorbs a wavelength of 660nm

63
Q

Pfr

A

Converted back to Pr and absorbs far red light

64
Q

In long day plants

A

Pfr is produced during the day leaving enough in the evening to trigger flowering process

65
Q

In short day plants

A

Pfr binds to an inhibiting factor but inhibition fails during the evening and the plant can bloom

66
Q

Pfr

A

Active form and triggers transcription of FT gene

67
Q

Mutualism

A

Close association between two organisms where both organisms benefit from the relationship

68
Q

Fertilisation

A

Pollen grain grows a tube which penetrates stigma and grows down into ovary where ovum is fertilised

69
Q

Seed structure

A

Embryo root
Embryo shoot
One or two cotyledons contain food reserves usually in the form of starch

70
Q

Root apical meristem

A

Responsible for growth of root

71
Q

Shoot apical meristem

A

Tip of stem

Biology (3 decks)

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