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Plant Biology Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

What do plants need access to?

A

Water, minerals and carbon dioxide

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2
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Gas exchange in the leaf, where plants minimise water loss through guard cells of stomata

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3
Q

Cohesive property of water

A

Allows transport of water under tension

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4
Q

What are the walls of xylem thickened with?

A

Lignin, strengthens the wall to allow plant to withstand low pressures of water without collapsing

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5
Q

Xylem vessels are formed of

A

Files of cells arranges end to end

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6
Q

Function of xylem

A

To enable water transport within plant

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7
Q

Transpirational pull

A

Water inside the vessel is moved upwards towards leaves

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8
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules are polar and stick to each other

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9
Q

Adhesion

A

Same polarity interacts with hydrophilic parts of xylem vessels
This results in a continuous stream of water through the plant

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10
Q

What type of process is a transpirational pull?

A

Passive process

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11
Q

Cavitation

A

When liquid is unable to resist low pressures in xylem vessel and column of liquid breaks

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12
Q

Active transport

A

Used to move compounds inside cells

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13
Q

Apoplast way

A

Water moves through cell walls of epidermal cells of root

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14
Q

Symplast way

A

Water moves through cytoplasm of epidermal cells of root

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15
Q

Casparian strip

A

A layer impermeable to water and surrounds core of root

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16
Q

What is the phloem composed of?

A

Sieve tubes

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17
Q

Sieve tubes are

A

Columns of specialised cells called sieve tube cells

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18
Q

Translocation

A

Transporting organic solutes

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19
Q

Sources

A

Areas where sugars and amino acids are loaded into phloem

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20
Q

Sinks

A

Where sugars and amino acids are unloaded and used

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21
Q

Sinks can

A

Turn into sources

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22
Q

Xylem

A

Column of dead cells with cell end walls removed

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23
Q

Xylem function

A

To transport water and minerals

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24
Q

Where are structure and function correlated?

A

In the xylem of plants

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25
Phloem uses
Active transport and uses it to load organic compounds into phloem sieve tubes at source
26
What does the phloem transport?
Sap from source to sink
27
Sap
Mixture of water, carbohydrates, minerals, amino acids and plant hormones
28
Phloem loading
Plants bring sugar into the phloem
29
Apoplast route in phloem
Sucrose travels though cells walls from mesophyll cells to cell walls of companion cells where a sucrose transport protein actively transports sugars in
30
Walls of sieve tubes
Are thick to accommodate pressure needed for flow of sap inside tubes
31
Phloem function
Loading carbohydrates, transporting them over long distances and unloading them at sinks
32
Phloem
Composed of living cells with sieve plates
33
Environmental conditions
Plants adapt their growth to it
34
Meristems
Composed of undifferentiated cells undergoing active cell division
35
Primary meristems
Found at tip of stems and roots
36
Apical meristems
Are primary meristems
37
Shoot apical meristem is complex
Throws off the cell cycle and produces cells that grow and develop into leaves and flowers
38
Where are young leaves produced?
At the sides of shoot apical meristem and are called leaf primordia
39
Hormone
Chemical message produced and released in part of organism to have an effect on another part in the organism
40
Auxin
Hormone that initiates growth of roots
41
IAA
A role in control of growth in shoot apex, promotes elongation of cells in stems
42
Axillary buds
Form at junction or node of stem and base of leaf
43
Apical dominance
Shoot apical meristem grows and forms leaves, regions of meristem are left behind at node
44
Cytokinins
Promote axillary bud growth
45
Ratio
Between cytokinins and auxin determine whether axillary bud will develop
46
Tropism
Directional response to directional external stimulus
47
Phototropism
Response to light
48
Gravitropism
Response to gravity
49
Phototropism
Regulated by proteins called phototropins
50
Phototropins
Regulate transcription of genes that can play a rope in transport of auxin which is indirectly involved in phototropism
51
Micro propagation
Uses ability of plants to produce identical ones of the original ones
52
Pollination
Transfer of pollen to stigma
53
Pollen
Male gametes
54
Stigma
Female reproductive organ
55
Flowering
Involves a change in gene expression in shoot apex
56
Vegetative phase
Until a trigger causes plant to produce flowers
57
Change from vegetative phase to reproductive phase
Happens when meristem in shoot start to produce parts of flowers instead of leaves
58
Short day plants
Start to flower when there are less hours of daylight
59
Long day plants
Starts to flower when there are long hours of daylight
60
FT gene
Flowering gene
61
Phytochrome
Far red light and red light
62
Pr
Converted to Pfr and absorbs a wavelength of 660nm
63
Pfr
Converted back to Pr and absorbs far red light
64
In long day plants
Pfr is produced during the day leaving enough in the evening to trigger flowering process
65
In short day plants
Pfr binds to an inhibiting factor but inhibition fails during the evening and the plant can bloom
66
Pfr
Active form and triggers transcription of FT gene
67
Mutualism
Close association between two organisms where both organisms benefit from the relationship
68
Fertilisation
Pollen grain grows a tube which penetrates stigma and grows down into ovary where ovum is fertilised
69
Seed structure
Embryo root Embryo shoot One or two cotyledons contain food reserves usually in the form of starch
70
Root apical meristem
Responsible for growth of root
71
Shoot apical meristem
Tip of stem

Biology (3 decks)

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