Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Plant Biology > Plant biology 2 > Flashcards

Plant biology 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do amphistomatous and hypostomatous mean?

A

stomata on the upper AND lower leaf

stomata on just the lower leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are stomata sensitive to? (6 things)

A 
light intensity
temperature
water deficit
atmospheric CO2
air pollution
touch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

who said that stomatal opening was controlled by turgidity of guard cells relative to surrounding subsidiary cells?

A

von mohl - 1856

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does the diffusive capacity of leaves represent?

A

product of stomatal number and stomatal aperture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the endogenous circadian rhythm?

A

stomatal opening and closing over the course of the day under constant environmental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is triggered in soil water deficit?

A

abscisic acid (ABA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what increases the opening of stomata?

A

guard cell turgor from active loading of guard cells with K+ (from the walls of surrounding epidermal cells)

K+ uptake also drives the osmotic uptake of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

distortion of what what causes stomata to open?

A

guard cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what 6 reasons make water good for sustaining life?

A 
stable
liquid in a range of temperatures
good solvent
transparent to visible light
generates pressure (turgor)
molecules show mutual attraction and are attracted to surfaces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the most active region of a plant?

A

root hair zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what blocks the apoplast pathway?

A

casparian strip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does water move through the symplast pathway?

A

between cytoplasm/vacuoles of adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the two types of tracheary elements and which one is longer?

A

tracheids are < 3mm long

vessel elements are 4 - 300cm in length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the direction of water movement determined by?

A

the value of water potential in the adjacent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which direction will water move?

A

to the area of decreasing water potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does it mean by cohesion and tension?

A

water molecules exhibit strong mutual attraction from hydrogen bonding leading to cohesion between molecules, this creates tension that pulls water in a column up the xylem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what 2 methods help pull water up the xylem?

A

capillary action

root pressure - movement of water through root ‘pushes’ water up xylem aiding ‘pull’ created by cohesion-tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is cavitation?

A

tension on water column in xylem causes dissolved gases to come out of solution creating microscopic bubbles that coalesce and fill conduit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is embolism?

A

cavitation bubbles obstruct passage of water in affected tracheids and vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when do stomata close to protect leaf against desiccation?

A

water stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

who said that ‘plants obtain a portion of their nutrition from the air when light is involved’?

A

stephen hales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what did julius mayer deduce?

A

that energy used by green plant tissue was derived form the sun and that plants were capable of of transforming radiant energy to chemical form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where does the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis take place and what are the products?

A

thylakoid membranes

ATP and NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where does the reactions of the calvin cycle take place?

A

in the stroma

25
Q

what were the earliest forms of photosynthetic organisms called?

A

stromatolites

26
Q

when did photosynthetic diversity evolve?

A

carboniferous era, 300mya

27
Q

what enzymes catalyse the C4 pathways?

A

PPDK, PEPC

28
Q

what is the difference in structure of C3 and C4 plants?

A

C4 leaves have kranz anatomy - spongy mesophyll cells clustered in a ring around the leaf veins outside bundle sheath cells

29
Q

what percentage of plants are CAM plants?

A

7%

30
Q

what percentage of plants are C4 plants?

A

2%

31
Q

what are features of CAM plants?

A

overnight accumulation of acids in vacuole
inverted stomatal rhythm
adaptation to drought

32
Q

what pigments are in higher plants?

A

a + b

33
Q

what pigment is in diatoms?

A

c

34
Q

what pigments are in red algae?

A

d

35
Q

chlorophyll a + b are only specific to certain wavelengths, what fills the gap?

A

carotenoids

36
Q

what adaptations do sun leaves have? (4 things)

A

many cell layers
tightly packed cells
less grana stacking
orientated away from sun

37
Q

what adaptations do shade leaves have?

A

few cell layers
lots of air space
more granal stacking
orientated towards sun

38
Q

what are the temperature ranges do psychrophiles, mesophiles and thermophiles have?

A

psychrophiles - 0 - 10 degrees
mesophiles - 10 - 30 degrees
thermophiles - 30 - 65 degrees

39
Q

what is the definition of stress?

A

an adverse force/influence that tends to inhibit ‘normal’ systems from functioning

40
Q

what is the difference between adaptation and acclimatisation?

A

adaptation is heritable, acclimatisation is not

41
Q

what are the symptoms of chill injury?

A

reduced photosynthesis and protein synthesis
damage to cell membranes
impaired protoplasmic streaming

42
Q

which fatty acids exhibit lower transition temperatures?

A

unsaturated fatty acids

43
Q

freezing stress causes what?

A

ice damages to membranes

44
Q

what does it mean when water vitrifies?

A

solidifies without forming ice crystals - does not damage the membrane

45
Q

what adaptations do plants have to avoid high temperature stress? (3 things)

A

leaf rolling
leaf hairs
increased wax on leaf surface to reflect light

46
Q

what is the definition of water potential of a solution?

A

the difference in free energy level between that of pure water and that of a solution

47
Q

what is water potential measured in?

A

mPa

48
Q

what are xerophytes?

A

plants adapted to dry conditions

49
Q

what adaptations of xerophytes have? (5 things)

A 
stomatal crypts
CAM photosynthesis
spines not leaves
succulence
extensive but shallow root systems
50
Q

what controls flux of water vapour from leaf to atmosphere

A

stomatal conductance

51
Q

what is vapour pressure deficit? (VPD)

A

difference between vapour pressure of bulk air and saturated vapour pressure in in sub stomatal cavity

52
Q

if the VPD is high what does this mean?

A

the more drought stressed the plant is

53
Q

what is the current CO2 level in the atmosphere?

A

408ppm

54
Q

what is the current O3 level in the atmosphere?

A

40ppb

55
Q

what does ozone trigger in a plant?

A

ethylene production which reduces stomatal sensitivity to abscisic acid therefore affecting a plants capacity to regulate its water balance

56
Q

how much is the Quelccaya glacier shrinking?

A

600ft per year

57
Q

at what temperature does coral bleaching occur?

A

above 85F

58
Q

what will melting permafrost release?

A

methane

Plant Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions