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Plant Biology > Plant biology 1 > Flashcards

Plant biology 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

who won the nobel prize for developing resistant, high yield grain?

A

Normal Borlaug

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2
Q

what is a perennial plant?

A

lives more than 2 years

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3
Q

what is willow a source of?

A

aspirin

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4
Q

what does foxglove have a treatment for?

A

digitalis - cardiac problems

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5
Q

what is pacific yew a treatment of?

A

taxol - cancer

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6
Q

what does the cinchona tree bark contain and what for?

A

quinine - kills plasmodium

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7
Q

what are CAM plants adapted to?

A

dry climates

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8
Q

what are plants descended from?

A

cyanobacteria and eukaryotic ancestor

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9
Q

what were the 1st plants?

A

glaucophytes

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10
Q

what two examples do the glaucophytes contain?

A

red algae - rhodophytes, green algae - chlorophytes

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11
Q

what photosynthetic accessory pigment do rhodophytes contain?

A

phycoerythrin - can change colour

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12
Q

what did land plants evolve from?

A

green algae

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13
Q

what were the main challenges of land plants?

A

desiccation and high UV

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14
Q

in charophytes, what prevented exposed zygotes from drying out?

A

sporopollenin

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15
Q

what do all land plants have? (4 things)

A

multicellular dependant embryos
walled spores produced in sporangia
apical meristems
multicellular gametangia

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16
Q

how are nutrients transferred from parent to embryo?

A

placental transfer cells

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17
Q

where are apical meristems found?

A

the tip of the root and shoot (the apices)

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18
Q

what do land plants also have?

A

cuticle
mycorrhizae
secondary compounds

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19
Q

what are non-vascular land plants called?

A

bryophytes

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20
Q

there are poikilohydric, what does this mean?

A

lose and gain water to environment

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21
Q

what are the 3 main groups of the bryophytes?

A

liverworts (hepaticophyta)
the mosses (bryophyta)
hornworts (antherocerotophyta)

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22
Q

which bryophyte group has sphagnum and what does it form?

A

the mosses, peat

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23
Q

what are non-vascular plants characterised by?

A

uptake of water by capillary action

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24
Q

name the seedless vascular plants

A

lycophytes and pterophytes

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25
Q

where are seedless vascular plants found?

A

tropics and temperate forests

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26
Q

what are living vascular plants characterised by? (3 things)

A

dominant sporophytes
vascular tissues
well developed roots and leaves

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27
Q

who looked at nature ‘from a global perspective’ and came up with isotherms and isobars?

A

alexander von humboldt

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28
Q

who said that life forms are related to temperature and moisture?

A

de candolle

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29
Q

what is a biome?

A

a group of similar ecosystems

30
Q

what adaptations do plants have to an arctic tundra? (5 things)

A 
small in size
low temperature optima
solar tracking
freezing tolerant (antifreeze)
dormancy
31
Q

what adaptations do plants have in a rainforest? (4 things)

A

large leaves with drip tips
prop roots (support)
epiphytism
carnivory

32
Q

what adaptations do plants have in a desert? (5 things)

A 
succulence 
photosynthetic specialisation
high temperature optima
light reflecting surface
annual life cycle
33
Q

what is the world’s largest wetland?

A

pantanal - brazil

34
Q

where are the stomata on floating plants?

A

upper surface

35
Q

when does an algal bloom occur?

A

ammonia and nitrogen deposits leached into rivers and lakes

36
Q

what are the trophic categories?

A 
ultra-oligotrophic
oligotrophic
mesotrophic
eutrophic
hypertrophic
37
Q

when is denitrification a problem?

A

anaerobic, water logged soil

38
Q

what is the light compensation point?

A

carbon fixation balances carbon lost by respiration

39
Q

what adaptations do plants in water-logged areas have? (4 things)

A

small thin leaves
thin cuticle
chloroplasts in outer layers
stomata non-functional

40
Q

what is aerenchyma?

A

tissue with air spaces, allows diffusion of air from root to shoot

41
Q

what adaptations do plants have in salt water? (3 things)

A

stilt roots, pneumatophores allow oxygen in
seeds germinate on tree
leaves excrete salt then shed leaves

42
Q

name 3 aquatic plants

A

bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris)
chara
Nuphar lutea

43
Q

what leaves can take up nutrients from the air?

A

epiphytes

44
Q

what is Liebig’s law of limiting minimum or factors

A

resource in shortest supply may limit growth/survival

45
Q

what does nitrogenase do

A

fix nitrogen in root nodules

46
Q

where do metalophytes grow

A

in soils rich in heavy metals

47
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms for movement of nutrients?

A

interception
mass flow
diffusion

48
Q

when was the ‘little ice age’?

A

1300s to 1700s

49
Q

how do plants deal with drought? (2 things)

A

resistance - ‘hardening’

avoidance - store water, deep roots, long time as seeds

50
Q

how do plants deal with low temperature stress?

A

avoidance - annuals, plants die back

resistance - change physiology, acclimatisation

51
Q

what are the two types of toxic chemicals do plants release?

A

glucosinolates

cyanide (cyanogenic glycosides)

52
Q

mammalian toxicity is present in what plant?

A

asclepias (milkweed)

53
Q

what are the 4 types of carnivorous plant traps?

A

sticky surface traps
suction traps
pit fall traps
triggered traps

54
Q

what is the timing of which a suction trap shuts?

A

10-15 ms

55
Q

what are the evolved features of pit fall traps?

A

leaf curling
loss of cuticle
bright colours
hairs point down

56
Q

when should the hairs of a venus fly trap be triggered for it to close?

A

twice within 20 seconds

57
Q

name an obligate parasite

A

striga hermonthica - witchweed

58
Q

name a holoparasite

A

broomrape

59
Q

name a facultative parasite

A

rhinanthus minor - hay-rattle

60
Q

who was described as the ‘founder of phenology?

A

robert marsham

61
Q

how do auxins act?

A

loosen cell wall, promote growth by regulating cell differentiation

62
Q

what has more storage reserves, annuals or perennials?

A

perennials - slower growth and more stress tolerant

63
Q

what happens in the reproductive phase?

A

hormonally induced shift in response to day length and temperature

64
Q

what do monocarpic plants do?

A

flower once then die

65
Q

what affects seeds success rate?

A

size
dormancy
environment

66
Q

how can fruits be dispersed

A

wind or sea

67
Q

what do environments select for in seeds?

A

size

number

68
Q

why do enclosed habitats produce larger seeds than open habitats?

A

dispersal - small seeds dispersed easily by wind or gravity
probability of dispersal - better to produce large numbers of small seeds when possibility of drought/environmental risks

69
Q

what can break dormancy in seeds?

A

light
fire
rain

70
Q

what can trigger dormancy?

A

phytochrome

71
Q

what requires 6-8 weeks of vernalisation below 5 degrees celsius?

A

rhinanthus minor - hay rattle

Plant Biology (2 decks)

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