Plant biology 1

Question 1

who won the nobel prize for developing resistant, high yield grain?

Answer 1

Normal Borlaug

Question 2

what is a perennial plant?

Answer 2

lives more than 2 years

Question 3

what is willow a source of?

Answer 3

aspirin

Question 4

what does foxglove have a treatment for?

Answer 4

digitalis - cardiac problems

Question 5

what is pacific yew a treatment of?

Answer 5

taxol - cancer

Question 6

what does the cinchona tree bark contain and what for?

Answer 6

quinine - kills plasmodium

Question 7

what are CAM plants adapted to?

Answer 7

dry climates

Question 8

what are plants descended from?

Answer 8

cyanobacteria and eukaryotic ancestor

Question 9

what were the 1st plants?

Answer 9

glaucophytes

Question 10

what two examples do the glaucophytes contain?

Answer 10

red algae - rhodophytes, green algae - chlorophytes

Question 11

what photosynthetic accessory pigment do rhodophytes contain?

Answer 11

phycoerythrin - can change colour

Question 12

what did land plants evolve from?

Answer 12

green algae

Question 13

what were the main challenges of land plants?

Answer 13

desiccation and high UV

Question 14

in charophytes, what prevented exposed zygotes from drying out?

Answer 14

sporopollenin

Question 15

what do all land plants have? (4 things)

Answer 15

multicellular dependant embryos
walled spores produced in sporangia
apical meristems
multicellular gametangia

Question 16

how are nutrients transferred from parent to embryo?

Answer 16

placental transfer cells

Question 17

where are apical meristems found?

Answer 17

the tip of the root and shoot (the apices)

Question 18

what do land plants also have?

Answer 18

cuticle
mycorrhizae
secondary compounds

Question 19

what are non-vascular land plants called?

Answer 19

bryophytes

Question 20

there are poikilohydric, what does this mean?

Answer 20

lose and gain water to environment

Question 21

what are the 3 main groups of the bryophytes?

Answer 21

liverworts (hepaticophyta)
the mosses (bryophyta)
hornworts (antherocerotophyta)

Question 22

which bryophyte group has sphagnum and what does it form?

Answer 22

the mosses, peat

Question 23

what are non-vascular plants characterised by?

Answer 23

uptake of water by capillary action

Question 24

name the seedless vascular plants

Answer 24

lycophytes and pterophytes

Question 25

where are seedless vascular plants found?

Answer 25

tropics and temperate forests

Question 26

what are living vascular plants characterised by? (3 things)

Answer 26

dominant sporophytes vascular tissues well developed roots and leaves

Question 27

who looked at nature 'from a global perspective' and came up with isotherms and isobars?

Answer 27

alexander von humboldt

Question 28

who said that life forms are related to temperature and moisture?

Answer 28

de candolle

Question 29

what is a biome?

Answer 29

a group of similar ecosystems

Question 30

what adaptations do plants have to an arctic tundra? (5 things)

Answer 30

``` small in size low temperature optima solar tracking freezing tolerant (antifreeze) dormancy ```

Question 31

what adaptations do plants have in a rainforest? (4 things)

Answer 31

large leaves with drip tips prop roots (support) epiphytism carnivory

Question 32

what adaptations do plants have in a desert? (5 things)

Answer 32

``` succulence photosynthetic specialisation high temperature optima light reflecting surface annual life cycle ```

Question 33

what is the world's largest wetland?

Answer 33

pantanal - brazil

Question 34

where are the stomata on floating plants?

Answer 34

upper surface

Question 35

when does an algal bloom occur?

Answer 35

ammonia and nitrogen deposits leached into rivers and lakes

Question 36

what are the trophic categories?

Answer 36

``` ultra-oligotrophic oligotrophic mesotrophic eutrophic hypertrophic ```

Question 37

when is denitrification a problem?

Answer 37

anaerobic, water logged soil

Question 38

what is the light compensation point?

Answer 38

carbon fixation balances carbon lost by respiration

Question 39

what adaptations do plants in water-logged areas have? (4 things)

Answer 39

small thin leaves thin cuticle chloroplasts in outer layers stomata non-functional

Question 40

what is aerenchyma?

Answer 40

tissue with air spaces, allows diffusion of air from root to shoot

Question 41

what adaptations do plants have in salt water? (3 things)

Answer 41

stilt roots, pneumatophores allow oxygen in seeds germinate on tree leaves excrete salt then shed leaves

Question 42

name 3 aquatic plants

Answer 42

bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris) chara Nuphar lutea

Question 43

what leaves can take up nutrients from the air?

Answer 43

epiphytes

Question 44

what is Liebig's law of limiting minimum or factors

Answer 44

resource in shortest supply may limit growth/survival

Question 45

what does nitrogenase do

Answer 45

fix nitrogen in root nodules

Question 46

where do metalophytes grow

Answer 46

in soils rich in heavy metals

Question 47

what are the 3 mechanisms for movement of nutrients?

Answer 47

interception mass flow diffusion

Question 48

when was the 'little ice age'?

Answer 48

1300s to 1700s

Question 49

how do plants deal with drought? (2 things)

Answer 49

resistance - 'hardening' | avoidance - store water, deep roots, long time as seeds

Question 50

how do plants deal with low temperature stress?

Answer 50

avoidance - annuals, plants die back | resistance - change physiology, acclimatisation

Question 51

what are the two types of toxic chemicals do plants release?

Answer 51

glucosinolates | cyanide (cyanogenic glycosides)

Question 52

mammalian toxicity is present in what plant?

Answer 52

asclepias (milkweed)

Question 53

what are the 4 types of carnivorous plant traps?

Answer 53

sticky surface traps suction traps pit fall traps triggered traps

Question 54

what is the timing of which a suction trap shuts?

Answer 54

10-15 ms

Question 55

what are the evolved features of pit fall traps?

Answer 55

leaf curling loss of cuticle bright colours hairs point down

Question 56

when should the hairs of a venus fly trap be triggered for it to close?

Answer 56

twice within 20 seconds

Question 57

name an obligate parasite

Answer 57

striga hermonthica - witchweed

Question 58

name a holoparasite

Answer 58

broomrape

Question 59

name a facultative parasite

Answer 59

rhinanthus minor - hay-rattle

Question 60

who was described as the 'founder of phenology?

Answer 60

robert marsham

Question 61

how do auxins act?

Answer 61

loosen cell wall, promote growth by regulating cell differentiation

Question 62

what has more storage reserves, annuals or perennials?

Answer 62

perennials - slower growth and more stress tolerant

Question 63

what happens in the reproductive phase?

Answer 63

hormonally induced shift in response to day length and temperature

Question 64

what do monocarpic plants do?

Answer 64

flower once then die

Question 65

what affects seeds success rate?

Answer 65

size dormancy environment

Question 66

how can fruits be dispersed

Answer 66

wind or sea

Question 67

what do environments select for in seeds?

Answer 67

size | number

Question 68

why do enclosed habitats produce larger seeds than open habitats?

Answer 68

dispersal - small seeds dispersed easily by wind or gravity probability of dispersal - better to produce large numbers of small seeds when possibility of drought/environmental risks

Question 69

what can break dormancy in seeds?

Answer 69

light fire rain

Question 70

what can trigger dormancy?

Answer 70

phytochrome

Question 71

what requires 6-8 weeks of vernalisation below 5 degrees celsius?

Answer 71

rhinanthus minor - hay rattle