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plant biology Flashcards

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1
Q

indeterminate growth

A

grow forever

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2
Q

determinate growth

A

predetermined growth

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3
Q

adaptations to terrestrial environment

A

-waxy cuticle
-stomata
-vasculature
-pollen
-seeds
-support
-nutrient/water scavenging systems
-organ specialization

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4
Q

sporopollenin

A

biopolymer that resists harsh environments

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5
Q

challenges for land plants

A

-less buffered
-lack of structural support
-reproduction on land is hard
-water scarcity
-inaccessible nutrients in soil

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6
Q

how to deal with lack of structural support?

A

-already had rigid cellulosic cell walls
-already had a hydrostatic skeleton
-holdfast vs. rhizoids and then roots
-eventually can even modify stems/leaves to make tendrils

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7
Q

charophytes

A

green algae; closest relatives to land plants; contain sporopollenin

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8
Q

anthocyanins

A

uv protective pigment

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8
Q

hydrostatic skeleton

A

water pressure inside cells pushing against cellulose creating a “skeleton” to support vertical growth

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9
Q

liginin

A

very tough polymer used by plants to structurally reinforce certain cell walls (ie wood)

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10
Q

holdfast

A

a structure in algae that secures them to a particular spot

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11
Q

rhizoids

A

simple root-like structures in nonvascular plants that anchor them to a substrate but do not transport water or nutrients like true roots

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12
Q

key traits in plants that are absent in charophytes

A

-alternation of generations
-walled spores produced in sporangia
-multicellular gametangia
-multicellular, dependent embryos
-apical meristems

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13
Q

bryophytes

A

-gametophyte dominant
-waxy cuticle and in some cases stomatal pores
-lack vascular systems and structural support
-no true leaves
-flagellated sperm require a film of water to most to an egg
-no roots, just rhizoids

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14
Q

stomata

A

pores used for gas exchange

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15
Q

seedless vascular plants

A

-sporophyte dominant
-vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
-well-developed roots and leaves
-sperm are still water-dependent

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16
Q

pollen grains

A

developed from the microspores; contain male gametophytes

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17
Q

pollination

A

the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

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18
Q

evolutionary purpose for pollen

A

eliminates the need for a film of water; can be dispersed great distances by air or animals

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19
Q

germination

A

the pollen grain gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule

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20
Q

gymnosperm

A

cone-bearing plants; vascular seed plants that produce pollen and seeds in cones

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21
Q

seed

A

embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat; produced by gymnosperms and angiosperms

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22
Q

angiosperm

A

flowering plants; vascular seed plants that produce flowers and fruit

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23
Q

sepal

A

part of a flower derived from highly modified leaves that is external to the petals; form the protective outer layer of the flower bud, but usually do not serve much purpose in the opened flower

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24
Q

carpel

A

the entire female reproductive structure of a flower

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25
Q

stamen

A

the male reproductive structure of a flower; consist of an anther where pollen is made and a stalk called the filament

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26
Q

petal

A

part of a flower derived from highly modified leaves that usually serves to visually attract animal pollinators by displaying colors

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27
Q

ovary

A

the female structure at the base of the carpal in a flower that contains the ovules and, following pollination, matures into a fruit

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28
Q

ovule

A

sac-like structures inside a flower’s ovary that hold the female gametophyte; following fertilization, they mature into seeds

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29
Q

anther

A

the meiotically-active part of the angiosperm stamen (male organ) that houses the microspores and eventually splits to release mature pollen

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30
Q

stigma

A

part of the carpal (female organ) of a flower; the wide tip at the end of the style which receives pollen and is the target site for pollination

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31
Q

style

A

part of the carpal (female organ) of a flower; a stalk extending up from the ovary and ending in a stigma; the organ that the pollen tube grows through to reach the ovules

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32
Q

receptacle

A

a swelling of the shoot at the base of a flower to which the flower parts are attached

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33
Q

pollen tube

A

the elongating cell of a pollen grain that contains the generative cell and grows down a flower’s style towards the ovules; delivers the sperm to the egg cell

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34
Q

embryo sac

A

the female gametophyte of an angiosperm located inside an ovule consisting of eight haploid cells

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35
Q

integument

A

the layered sporophyte tissue forming the outside of the ovule; within it is the megaspore and then the embryo sac; will mature into the seed coat after fertilization

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36
Q

micropyle

A

an opening in the integument of an ovule through which a pollen tube can enter and fertilize the embryo sac inside

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37
Q

double fertilization

A

the fertilization process of angiosperms where two sperm cells are formed, one fertilizing the egg cell to form the zygote and the other fertilizing the polar nuclei to form the endosperm

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38
Q

endosperm

A

triploid tissue within the angiosperm seed that stores nutrients for the developing plant embryo

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39
Q

cotyledon

A

seed leaves; embryonic structures in a seed that may be the first leaf-like structures to emerge; often play a role in nutrient storage or transport for the developing embryo

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40
Q

monocots

A

have a single cotyledon, coleoptile, and other traits; includes grasses and other relatives

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41
Q

dicots

A

have two cotyledon and other traits; eudicots

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42
Q

radicle

A

the embryonic root that germinates and gives rise to the plant’s root system

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43
Q

hypocotyl

A

embryonic shoot that emerges from a dicot seed; supports the cotyledons

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44
Q

coleoptile

A

hollow sheath-like structure found in monocots that emerges from the seed as the beginning of a shoot system, giving rise to the stem and first leaves

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45
Q

root functions

A

-anchoring the plant
-absorbing minerals and water
-storing carbohydrates

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46
Q

primary root

A

first root to emerge

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47
Q

lateral roots

A

grow laterally from the primary root; improve anchorage and water absorption; explore the soil

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48
Q

root hairs

A

small roots near the root tip which increase the surface area of the root

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49
Q

adapted root functions

A

-support
-storage
-air supply
-more

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50
Q

vegetative shoot

A

do not form flowers or reproduce; only there to perform photosynthesis and support the plant

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51
Q

primary growth

A

the development of new tissues in a plant through cell divisions that cause structures like roots and shoots to get longer and more branched

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52
Q

secondary growth

A

the development of new tissues in certain plants through cell division that cause roots and shoots to get wider and develop wood and bark

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53
Q

fibrous root system

A

a root system with manly finely divided roots and no main central taproot; usually the root system found in monocots

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54
Q

taproot

A

a root system with a large, usually thick primary root and many much smaller lateral roots branching from it; grows vertically down, deep into the soil; usually the root system found in dicots

55
Q

stem

A

a stalk-like vascular part of the shoot system that supports leaves and flowers and can be modified for other functions; consists of nodes and internodes

56
Q

nodes

A

the points at which leaves are attached; where vasculature comes together; may contain meristems

57
Q

internodes

A

the stem segment between nodes

58
Q

apical bud

A

growing shoot tip (apical meristem of the shoot); causes the elongation of a young shoot

59
Q

axillary bud

A

(axillary meristem) structure that has the potential to form a lateral branch, thorn, or flower

60
Q

axil

A

junction between the stem and leaf

61
Q

petiole

A

leaf stalk by which the leaf connects to the stem

62
Q

types of modified leaves

A

-spines
-tendrils
-reproductive (clone) leaves
-storage leaves (bulbs)

63
Q

branching pattern of monocots

A

parallel veins

64
Q

branching pattern of eudicots

A

branching veins

65
Q

rhizome

A

an underground shoot that grows and branches horizontally, often helping a plant colonize an area

66
Q

stolon/runner

A

an above-ground shoot that extends away from its parent plant, spreading horizontally over the ground with new plantlets growing along its length as an asexual reproductive strategy

67
Q

tuber

A

an underground shoot that swells to form a storage organ; can also be used as a mean of asexual reproduction

68
Q

trichome

A

hair-like structure on a plant’s epidermis

69
Q

dermal tissue

A

protective, external layer of cells that functions as the barrier between the inside of the plant and the environment outside of it

70
Q

ground tissue

A

tissue that is neither vascular nor dermal; photosynthesis, structural support, storage, etc.

71
Q

vascular tissue

A

tube-like, rigid cells that move water and dissolves solvents

72
Q

cortex

A

ground tissue that is external to the vasculature

73
Q

pith

A

ground tissue that is internal to the vasculature

74
Q

parenchyma cells

A

-have thin and flexible walls
-are the least specialized
-retain the ability to divide and differentiate

75
Q

collenchyma cells

A

-grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot
-have thicker and uneven cell walls
provide flexible support without restraining growth

76
Q

sclerenchyma cells

A

-rigid because of thick walls strengthened by lignin
-dead at functional maturity

77
Q

xylem

A

conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the shoots (only upward); dead cell walls that form tubing; wood

78
Q

phloem

A

transports sugars from where they are made to where they are needed (up, down and horizontally); living cells

79
Q

types of xylem

A

vessels and tracheids

80
Q

sieve-tube elements

A

alive at functional maturity but lack organelles (only membrane and cytoplasm); transports sugars through osmosis; have companion cells

81
Q

sieve plates

A

porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube; connects the cytoplasm of sieve-tube cells

82
Q

companion cell

A

nucleus and ribosomes serve both itself and its sieve-tube element

83
Q

stele

A

vascular tissue of a root or stem

84
Q

stele of the roots in angiosperms

A

solid cylindrical center

85
Q

stele of the stems and leaves in angiosperms

A

divided into vascular bundles

86
Q

vascular bundles in dicot stems

A

grouped in a ring

87
Q

vascular bundles in monocot stems

A

sporadic

88
Q

root cap

A

protects the apical meristem as it pushes through the soil

89
Q

zone of cell division

A

site of primary growth of a root; includes the apical meristem

90
Q

zone of elongation

A

growth pushes root tip into soil; fueled by water pressure within cells

91
Q

zone of differentiation

A

mature root cells begin functioning within their role

92
Q

quiescent center

A

part of a root’s apical meristem with inactive cell division to reduce the risk of mutations and take over the meristem’s role in case it develops serious genetic error

93
Q

pericycle

A

layer of cells in the root lining the outside of the vascular cylinder; where lateral roots emerge

94
Q

leaf primordia

A

part of a shoot bud; the undeveloped tissues that divide to produce new leaves; found around the apical meristem

95
Q

axillary meristem

A

the buds located within the axil that are usually inactive but have the potential to produce a lateral shoot through primary growth

96
Q

lateral meristem

A

regions of continuous growth in root and shoot tissue that are no longer undergoing primary growth; responsible for secondary growth, the formation of wood and bark

97
Q

vascular cambium

A

a tissue of the lateral meristem that produces new xylem and phloem in secondary growth, creating wood; connects vascular bundles using ground cells and turning them into meristem cells

98
Q

cork cambium

A

a tissue of the lateral meristem that produces more epidermis in secondary growth, creating bark

99
Q

secondary phloem

A

accumulates outside of the vascular cambium

100
Q

secondary xylem

A

accumulates inside the vascular cambium

101
Q

water potential

A

Ψs + Ψp

102
Q

Ψp

A

-positive if pumped
-negative if sucked

103
Q

Ψs

A

-negative
-gets more negative as solute levels rise
-Ψs is 0 in pure water

104
Q

pressure and osmosis

A

-water always moves from more positive to more negative Ψ
-the more dissolved solutes, the more negative Ψs
-the more dissolved solutes, the more water wants to move into an area by osmosis

105
Q

transpiration

A

the movement of water up the xylem and into the atmosphere, driven by the evaporation of water through the stomata

106
Q

translocation

A

the directed movement of water and dissolved sugars through the phloem

107
Q

how the stomata controls transpiration

A

-transpiration is controlled by the plant opening and closing its stomatal pores
-guard cells on either side of the pore regulates whether it is open or closed
-opening and closing is controlled by the turgor pressure within the guard cells
-guard cells turgid: stomata open
-guard cells flaccid: stomata closed
-potassium ions play a role in
stomatal opening and closing

108
Q

abscisic acid

A

a plant hormone produced in response to drought and other stress that causes stomatal closure

109
Q

apoplast

A

outside the plant cell; cell wall space and the inside of the dead xylem vessels

110
Q

apoplastic route

A

a pathway water and dissolved solutes can take into the root system by moving through interconnected cell walls, as opposed to the cytoplasm

111
Q

symplast

A

inside the plant cell; the cytoplasm through the plasma membrane

112
Q

symplastic route

A

a pathway water and dissolved solutes can take into the root system by moving through the shared cytoplasm of adjacent cells via the plasmodesmata

113
Q

plasmodesmata

A

pores in the plant cell walls that allow the cytoplasm and cell membranes of neighboring cells to be continuous and joined together so that molecules can easily pass between cells

114
Q

endodermis

A

a ring of cells in the root between the cortex and vascular bundle (stele) that acts as a barrier for molecules entering the xylem from the cortex

115
Q

casparian strip

A

a ring of waterproof waxy material that encircles the cell walls of a root’s endodermis, thus blocking the apoplastic route

116
Q

source

A

a part of a plant at a given time that has sugar to be exported to other parts of the plant, either because sugar is stored or produced there

117
Q

sink

A

a part of a plant at a given time that requires sugar to be transported in, either because sugar is being accumulated or consumed there

118
Q

sucrose-proton symporter

A

an active transport protein in sieve-tube cell membrane that co-transports sucrose into the cell against its concentration gradient and protons down their concentration gradient

119
Q

uptake of mineral nutrients

A

-the endodermis regulates and transports needed minerals from the soil into the xylem
-water and minerals move from the protoplasts of endodermal cells into their own cell walls
-diffusion and active transport are involved in this movement from symplast to apoplast
-water and minerals now enter the xylem tracheids and vessel elements

120
Q

chemiosmosis

A

powering something by coupling it to H+ movement across a membrane

121
Q

bulk flow by positive pressure

A

in the sieve tube (phloem)
1) loading of sugar
2) uptake of water
3) unloading of sugar
4) recycling of water

122
Q

9 essential macronutrients

A

-carbon
-oxygen
-hydrogen
-nitrogen
-phosphorus
-sulfur
-potassium
-calcium
-magnesium

123
Q

8 essential micronutrients

A

-chlorine
-iron
-manganese
-boron
-zinc
-copper
-nickel
-molybdenum

124
Q

rhizosphere

A

a sphere of influence in the soil created and maintained by a plant’s roots that hosts a specific community of beneficial microbes

125
Q

rhizobacteria

A

free-living, root-associated bacteria living in a plant’s rhizosphere

126
Q

endophyte

A

nonpathogenic bacteria that live between the cells of host plant tissues; mutualistic beneficial relationship

127
Q

how endophytes and rhizobacteria help enhance plant growth

A

-produce chemicals that stimulate plant growth
-produce antibiotics that protect roots from disease
-absorb toxic metals or increase nutrient availability

128
Q

root nodule

A

round, knobby swellings on the roots of legume plants that house nitrogen-fixing rhizobium bacteria

129
Q

mycorrhizae

A

a type of mutualistic relationship between plants and certain root-associated fungi
-the plant provides the fungus with
carbohydrates manufactured
through photosynthesis
-fungus provides mineral nutrients
like nitrogen and phosphorus
-the fungus increases surface area
for water uptake and mineral
absorption
-the fungus secrete growth factors
that stimulate root growth and
branching

130
Q

mesophyll

A

the ground tissue within a leaf that does most of a plant’s photosynthesis

131
Q

spongey mesophyll

A

the type of mesophyll between the palisade mesophyll and the lower epidermis which has cells packed less densely with many air spaces in between

132
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

the type of mesophyll just under a leaf’s upper epidermis which has rectangular and closely packed cells

133
Q

coevolution

A

two types of organism both evolving traits over time that make them better participants in mutually beneficial behavior, often leading to an exclusive partnership

134
Q

fruit

A

mature ovary of a flower; protects the enclosed seeds and aids in the dispersal by wind or animals

bio 152 (3 decks)

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