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ANSC 4410 > Plant animal Interactions (PAI) > Flashcards

Plant animal Interactions (PAI) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of Plant-animal Interactions?

A
  1. Evolutionary: long-term
  2. Population dynamics: medium-term
  3. Productivity, physiology and behaviour: short-term
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2
Q

What is the classification in terms of Diet of animals?

A
  1. Pollinator
  2. Granivor
  3. Herbivore
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3
Q

What is Ecology?

A

The interaction of organisms with their environment both biotic and abiotic

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4
Q

Why is species interaction important?

A
  1. Reciprocal Influence
  2. Evolution
  3. Ecology
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5
Q

What is a Commensalism interaction?

A

+, 0

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6
Q

What is a Antagonism interaction?

A

+, -

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7
Q

What is an Amensalism interaction?

A

0, -

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8
Q

What are some things that can be influenced by plant-animal interactions

A
  1. Evolutionary processes
  2. Community dynamics
  3. Ecosystem Dynamics
  4. Population Dynamics
  5. Survival and reproduction of individuals
  6. Nutrient turnover and energy flow
  7. Productivity (Growth)
  8. Behaviour
  9. Physiology and Metabolism.
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9
Q

What are some examples of plant morphology that prevent predation?

A
  1. Underground reserves
  2. Creeping stems
  3. Spines and thorns
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10
Q

What are some examples of animal morphology that aide in the digestion of plant material?

A
  1. Mouth structure
  2. Digestive tract structure
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11
Q

What are some examples of plant physiology that aids in the prevention of predation?

A
  1. Toxic: alkaloids, and cyanogens
  2. Bitter tasting
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12
Q

What are some examples of animal physiology that aide in the digestion of plant material?

A
  1. Rumination
  2. Detoxification;
    Metabolism
    Rumen microbes
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13
Q

What are 2 ways in which animals affect plant population dynamics?

A
  1. Dispersal of seeds. Ex: deposited by feces or seed heads stick to hair.
  2. Plant survival and establishment
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14
Q

How do plants affect animal population dynamics?

A
  1. Reproduction and survival
  2. Behavior: Spatial distribution
  3. Body mass/condition score
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15
Q

What does the quantity and quality of feed affect?

A
  1. Feed intake
  2. Hunger
  3. Short term feeding behaviours
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16
Q

What are some examples of short term feeding behaviours?

A
  1. Grazing time
  2. Bite size and Rate
  3. Number of meals
  4. Daily feeding patterns
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17
Q

What are the two types of factors that have short term effects of plants on herbivores?

A
  1. Non-nutritional
  2. Nutritional
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18
Q

What are some short term effects of herbivores on plants?

A
  1. Morphology
  2. Physiology
  3. Productivity
  4. Nutrient cycling
  5. Trampling
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19
Q

What are some ways of Manipulating PAI through Grazing management?

A
  1. Graving Duration
  2. Timing
  3. Frequency
  4. Intensity
  5. Selecting forage species and varieties
  6. Selecting animal species
  7. Moving livestock for dispersal
  8. Manipulating feeding behaviou.
20
Q

What are some ways of manipulating feeding behavior?

A
  1. Spatial distribution: water and supplement location
  2. Stocking density
  3. Trainer animals
  4. Animal selection for steeped areas
21
Q

What plant causes digestive upsets and blistering in the mouth for cattle and horses?

A

Leafy Spurge

22
Q

Which animals are negatively affected by Leafy spurge?

A

Cattle and Horses.

23
Q

What are the 4 main things that influence feed choice?

A
  1. Animal anatomy
  2. Animal Physiology
  3. Animal behaviour
  4. Feed characteristics
24
Q

What is Foraging?

A

Process of acquisition whether feed is directly consumed, stored for later consumption, or given to others.

25
What are some foraging decisions made by animals?
1. Time budget 2. Spatial distribution 3. Movement decisions 4. Selectivity decisions 5. Persistence decisions 6. Food allocation decisions 7. Defense decisions
26
Why is foraging behavior important?
1. Survival of forager 2. Growth of forager 3. Reproductive performance of forager 4. Predator avoidance 5. Pollination 6. Dispersal adaptation of food organisms
27
What are the 2 types of foraging?
1. Solitary foraging 2. Group Foraging
28
What is Solitary Foraging?
Animals search for, capture and consume food by themselves.
29
What is group foraging?
Animals search for, capture, and consume food in the presence of other individuals. Competition for resources.
30
What are the two scenarios for group foraging?
1. Beneficial for individuals: Aggregation economy 2. Disadvantageous for individuals: Dispersion economy
31
What are the three factors that influence foraging?
1. Learning 2. Predation 3. Parasitism
32
Which forage causes bloat?
Alfalfa
33
What kind of cell walls do Grasses have?
Thick. Greater proportion of cellulose?hemicellulose
34
What kind of cell walls do browses have?
Thin. Greater proportion of lignin
35
What is the plant defense compound for grasses?
Silica
36
What is the plant architecture for grasses?
New growth added to the base. Low growth form. Uniform
37
What is the plant architecture for browses?
New growth added at tip. Low to high growth form. Dispersed.
38
What are grazing ruminants?
Animals that consume grasses and legumes. less than 25% browses. Ex: cattle, sheep, bison.
39
What are browsing ruminants?
Animals that prefer to consume woody browse and forbs as opposed to grass. Ex: deer, moose, goats
40
What are mixed feeders?
They consume grass browse and forbs.
41
What is the grazer preference for plant parts?
1. Immature green leaves 2. Mature green leave 3. Green stems 4. Mature dry leaves 5. Dry stem
42
What components does a grazer forgut have?
Reticulum, omasum, rumen and abomasum
43
What are some common constraints for herbivore foraging?
1. Nutritional and energetic constrains 2. Digestive constrains. 3. Plant secondary compounds 4. Plant Physical characteristics 5. Sensory capabilities: able to delect color and mobile objects. 6. Central nervous system capability: able to remeber success and failures. 7. Available feeding time
44
What are some plant secondary compounds?
1. Alkaloids 2. Tannins
45
How to measure foraging and feeding behavior?
1. GPS 2. Pedmeters

ANSC 4410 (8 decks)

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