Plans Flashcards
Is gender biologically determined or socially constructed
Knights fabben and Higgens Will et al Malatesta Hormones Conway and vartanian Williams and best Mitchell et al
Critically discuss how gender identity develops
Starts at 18 months self identity, gender identity at 2, stereotypes at 3, stability at 4, rigid stereotypes at 6, less rigid at 9
Will et al baby x
Hormones
Twin study
Critically evaluate whether brain differences between males and females support gender differences
Kimura 1999 - bigger, hypothalamus, corpus callosum.
Impact of differences - personality and skills
Criticisms - disputed, exaggerated, minimal effects, in group differences
Study criticisms - small sample, clinical sample, repeatability due to cost, access
Other reasons - culture, other differences, Elliot, Hines, minimal difference - 0.1 better
Bourne and maxwell - biological and psychological males, emotions
Geschwind and galaburda
Critically evaluate Kohlberg stage model of moral development
Define morality, pro social and altruism
Simple moral dilemmas, Chicago, 1958 70 boys 10, 13, 16
Repeated 1963 and 70
3 stages split in 2
Pre conventional - heteronomous morality, naive instrumental hedonism
conventional - interpersonal accord and conform and authority
post conventional- social contracts and ethical principles
Role playing and models students - morals increase
Paulus, sheskin and Blake and mcauliffe
Giligan, Miller and bersoff,
Pro sociality - 12- 18 month old
Third parties - Sloane, rochat, sigelman and Waitzman, shaw and Olsen
The seeds of our understanding of justice and our understanding of right and wrong are part of our biological nature, bloom. Critically discuss
Define morality, pro social behaviour, altruism
Rousseau, Hobbs, Freud, Locke
Pro sociality - toddlers comfort others, 12-18 help stranger, sloane
Kohlberg, preconventional morality — morals external, avoid punishment
Piaget- premoral stage - little awareness or respect for rules
Culture - Miller and Bersoff, Hadit and Joseph
Critically evaluate the impact of culture on moral development
Define morality, pro social behaviour and altruism
Miller and Bersoff
Schweder et al
Impact on frequency and content - altruistic in Kenya and Mexico - help routinely, emphasis on cooperation
Hadit and Joseph
Critically evaluate the claim language acquisition is innate
Nativists and empiricist and behaviourist
Chomsky LAD
Empiricist and behaviourist -both or imitation and reinforcement
Sounds from 2-3 months, learn quick, language is complex, better when younger - neuroplasticity reduction
Fragmented input, little teaching, universal time course - deaf babies
Noises not words, no gene, born deaf = greater difficulty
LAD - should develop faster, takes time to transform into speech, assumptions not evidence
Critically discuss whether Piaget underestimates children’s abilities
Biological, constructivist, schemes and structures - mental structure and organised pattern of behaviour
Assimilation, interpret experiences, and accommodation, modifying structures based on new experiences, create equilibrium
Sensorimotor - 0-2 - object permanence, core knowledge- bower and wishart, hespos and Baillargeon- but could be perception
Preoprational - 2-7 - symbolic thought, animism, three mountains, borke, Donaldson, Harris and butterworth
Concrete operational - 7-11, flexible thinking, if physical present, can conserve, - Donaldson - 72 v 34 - 4-6
Formal operational - 11+ - hypothetical and inductive reasoning, think logically
Does cognitive development occur in stages
Piaget - stages, underestimate and overestimate
Define stages
Balance task - concrete operational age preformed at formal level - different Rates
Egocentrism not occur- borke, Donaldson, Harris and butterworth
Overestimates - some never reach formal operations
Provide evidence to answer them question are all young people egocentric
Piaget- preoperational stage
Three mountains, borke
Donaldson,Harris and butterworth -90 and 88, 90 and 60
Asokan - 65 interview, 55 three mountains, dropped from 90 and 82 to 42 and 34
Critically evaluate the contribution new methods have made to understand the perceptual world of the infant
Before 1900s deaf, blind immune to pain can’t extract meaning
Perception - organise information from senses
Habituation, Drix et al, issue - are they completely habituated
Evoked potentials, eeg, poor spatial resolution
High amplitude sucking, Byers-heinlein
Franz preference method - length, faces, but what if no preference
Piaget - object permanence - blanket similar studies - bower wishart
The world of the baby is one great bloomin buzzing confusion critically discuss
Perceive differently
20/600 vision, mohn van hof-van, still develop meaning, develops fast - by 5
Hearing - high pitched, butterworth and Castillo, recognise mother voice from womb, discriminate sound from 1 week, 4 1/2 turn head at name
Taste developed better smell than adults, senses develop faster than emotion and cognition - confusing? Nativists - organisation built in
Vision affects sharpnesses, not perception of large scale
Track movement
Brown 1990
4 months - shades
Critically evaluate whether a preference for faces and ability to recognise faces is innate
Innate v early development
20/600 vision, discern meaning quickly, 20-30cm good vision
Franz - preference study - 40 of time looking at face - out of 6 images -/evolutionary reasons? Looking at symmetry or complexity - looked at complex pattern second most
Face v features scrambled - same time - Johnson
No evidence it’s innate, failure to replicate
Sai 2005, voice from loudspeaker and looking at mother - not innate
What are Kolbergs six moral stages
Pre conventional - heteronomous morality, naive instrumental hedonism
conventional - interpersonal accord and conform and authority
post conventional- social contracts and ethical principles
