Planning History Flashcards
Colonial History until Now
What was the significance of the Land Ordinance of 1785?
Ordinance of 1785. Provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. The rectangular survey has been called “the largest single act of
national planning in our history and … the most significant in terms of
continuing impact on the body politic” (Daniel Elazar).
When was the first “model tenement” built in Manhattan?
1855
What was the Homestead Act and when was is passed?
1862 Homestead Act opened the lands of the Public Domain to settlers for a nominal fee and five years residence.
When did the New York Council of Hygiene of the Citizens Association mount a
campaign to raise housing and sanitary standards?
1864
When and where did the first major tenement house law restrict physical conditions?
1867, New York
What city in what year began prohibiting specific obnoxious uses in certain districts beginning the land-use zoning in the U.S?
1867 San Francisco
What was the Dumbbell Tenement and when was it introduced?
1879 so called because of its shape. A form of multifamily housing widely built in New York until the end of the century and notorious for the poor living conditions it imposed on its denizens (lack of light, air, space).
When was Pullman, Illinois built?
1880-84 Building of Pullman, Illinois, model industrial town by George Pullman.
When was ‘How the Other Half Lives’ published?
1890 How the Other Half Lives (Jacob Riis) is published; a powerful stimulus to housing
and neighborhood reform.
When did the US federal government officially recognize the problems associated with slums?
1892 First U.S. federal government recognition of the problems of slums and cities (a
survey).
When was the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago?
1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago commemorating the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the New World. A source of the City Beautiful Movement and of the urban planning profession.
When was ‘Tomorrow A Peaceful Path to Real Reform’ published and by whom?
1898 Ebenezer Howard publishes Tomorrow A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, start of
Garden City movement. Reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of Tomorrow.
When did the first state court support ordinances restricting building heights?
1899 First state court support of ordinance/act restricting heights of buildings.
When was the New York State Tenement Law passed? Who was the leading reformer?
1901 New York State Tenement House Law. The legislative basis for the revision of
city codes that outlawed tenements such as the “Dumbbell Tenement.”
Lawrence Veiller was the leading reformer.
When was Letchworth constructed? What was the significance?
1903 Letchworth constructed. First English Garden City and a stimulus to New Town
movement in America (Greenbelt Towns, Columbia, etc.).
When was the first local Civic center plan developed? In which American city?
1903 First local “civic center” plan developed for Cleveland, by Daniel H. Burnham.
When was the first application of ‘City Beautiful’ principles applied to an American city? Which city?
1906 First application of “City Beautiful” principles to a major American city – Burnham’s Plan for San Francisco
When was the first comprehensive city survey completed on an American city? Which city?
1907 First comprehensive city survey, Pittsburgh.
When was the first official, local, and permanent planning board established? In which American city?
1907 First official, local, and permanent planning board (at Hartford,
Connecticut).
When and where was the first national city planning conference held?
1909 First National Conference on City Planning in Washington, D.C.
When and where was zoning first used in the US to restrict future development?
1909 First American use of zoning to restrict future development. Los Angeles creates multitude of zones.
When and where did the first state enabling act pass?
1909 First State Enabling Act passes (Wisconsin).
What was the first metropolitan regional plan in the United States? Who authored it?
1909 Plan of Chicago— first metropolitan regional plan in U.S. (Daniel Burnham).
What was the first American test if the neighborhood idea?
1910 First American test of neighborhood idea - Forest Hill Gardens, Long Island, N.Y.
What was the first major American textbook on planning? When was it published?
1913 First major American textbook on planning - Flavel Shurtleff’s Carrying Out the City Plan.
What was the first private planning consulting firm? When and where was it established?
1913 First private planning consulting firm, created in N.Y.C. by George B. Ford and Earnest P. Goodrich (Technical Advisory Corporation).
What was the first state to institute a mandatory referral of subdivision plats? In what year was it instituted?
1913 New Jersey
What was the first state to make planning required for local governments? When was the mandate passed?
1913 Massachusetts
Where and when was the first full time municipal planner employed?
1914 Harland Bartholomew, at Newark,
New Jersey.
What was the first state to require mandatory referral of subdivision plats in extraterritorial areas? When was this mandated?
1915 California
When did Patrick Geddes write Cities in Motion? What was the significance?
1915 creating the foundation for regional
planning theory.
When was the National Park Service established? What was/is its mission?
1916 National Park Service established with sole responsibility for conserving and
preserving resources of special value.
When was the country’s first comprehensive zoning ordinance passed? Where?
1916 Nation’s first comprehensive zoning resolution adopted by New York City Board
of Estimates under the leadership of George McAneny and Edward Bassett, known as the “Father of Zoning.”
When was Planning in the Modern City published? By whom?
1916 Nelson P. Lewis published Planning of the Modern City.
When was the first federal-aid highway act passed?
1916
When was the first regional functional authority plan adopted? Where?
1916 First regional functional authority plan adopted - Miami Conservancy District,
Ohio.
When did three groups - the. Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, the Metropolitan Water Board and the Metropolitan Park Commission-combined to form the Boston Metropolitan District Commission.
1919
When was the first parkway in America completed and where?
The Bronx River Parkway, NY 1919
What was the first statewide citizens organization in support of planning? When was it formed?
1919 First statewide citizens organization in support of planning - Ohio Planning Conference.
What was the first historic preservation committee in the United States? When and where was it formed?
1921 New Orleans designates the Vieux Carre Commission, the first historic preservation commission in the U.S.
When was the inauguration of the Regional Plan of New York under Thomas Adams?
1922
When was the creation of the Los Angeles County Regional Planning Commission?
- It was the first of its kind.
Where and when was the first auto oriented shopping center built?
1922 First suburban auto-oriented shopping center, “County Club Plaza” in Kansas City, Missouri.
Through which department and under which president did the US issue the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act?
1924 U.S. Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover issues a Standard State Zoning Enabling Act.
Which American city was the first to officially endorse a comprehensive plan? In what year?
1925 Cincinnati, Ohio, becomes first major American city officially to endorse a comprehensive plan. (Alfred Bettman).
What model of urban land planning did Ernest Burgess publish and when?
1925 Ernest Burgess’s “Concentric Zone” model of urban structure and land use is published.
What American city was the first to adopt the first comprehensive plan (through a planning board)?
1925 Cincinnati.
Which state sponsored the first public subsidy for housing?
1926 First public subsidy for housing, State of New York.
What was the significance of Village of Euclid v Ambler Realty?
1926 Supreme Court upholds constitutionality of comprehensive zoning (Village of Euclid v. Amber Realty Co.).
What was the Standard City PlanningEnabling Act? When was it established?
1928 U.S. Department of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover issues a Standard City Planning Enabling Act.
The SZEA had nine sections. It included a grant of power, a provision that the legislative body could divide the local government’s territory into districts, a statement of purpose for the zoning regulations, and procedures for establishing and amending the zoning regulations. A legislative body was required to establish a zoning commission to advise it on the initial development of zoning regulations.
When and where was the first “new town” built?
1928 First “new town” built (Radburn, N.J.).
Radburn, a planned community, was started in 1929 by the City Housing Corporation from the plans developed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright. The concept of the “new town” grew out of the older planned communities in Europe and the work of Ebenezer Howard and Patrick Geddes. The intent was to build a community which made provisions for the complexities of modern life, while still providing the amenities of open space, community service and economic viability.
What was the significance Clarence Perry’s monograph on the Neighborhood Unit? When was it published?
1929 Clarence Perry’s monograph on the Neighborhood Unit is published in Volume
VII of the Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs.
The neighbourhood unit was conceived of as a comprehensive physical planning tool, to be utilised for designing self-contained residential neighbourhoods which promoted a community centric lifestyle, away from the “noise of the trains, and out of sight of the smoke and ugliness of industrial plants” emblematic of an industrialising New York City in the early 1900s.[2][8]
When was the US stock market crash? What was the impact on planning?
1929 Stock market crash in October ushers in Great Depression and fosters ideas of
public planning on a national scale.
When was the National Land Utilization Conference? Where did it convene? What was the significance?
1931 National Land Utilization Conference convened in Chicago. Three hundred
agricultural experts deliberate on rural recovery programs and natural resource conservation.
When was FDR inaugurated? What was the significance on planning?
1933 FDR inaugurated. New Deal begins with a spate of counter-depression
measures.
When was the Federal Emergency Relief Administration set up? What was the significance?
1933 Federal Emergency Relief Administration set up under Harry Hopkins to
organize relief work in urban and rural areas.
When was the Home Owners Loan Corporation established? What was the significance?
1933 Home Owners Loan Corporation established to save homeowners facing loss
through foreclosure.
When was the Tennessee Valley Authority established? What was the significance of it?
1933 The Tennessee Valley Authority is created to provide for unified and multipurpose rehabilitation and redevelopment of the Tennessee Valley, America’s most famous experiment in river-basin planning. Senator George Norris of Nebraska fathered idea. America’s first large-scale
regional program in integrated economic, social, and physical development planning by the federal government.
When was the first US National Planning Board established?
1933 First U.S. National Planning Board created (abolished as the National Resources Planning Board in 1943).
When was the National Housing Act established? What is/was the significance?
1934 National Housing Act. Established FSLIC for insuring savings deposits and the FHA for insuring individual home mortgages
When was the American Society of Planning Officials founded? Who was the first president
1934 American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) founded (Alfred Bettman, is the first president).
In what year was the first US federally housing for the general population built?
1934 First U.S. federally built housing for the general population
When was the Resettlement Administration established? By whom? What was the significance of the Administration?
1935 Resettlement Administration established under Rexford Tugwell, Roosevelt
“braintruster,” to carry out experiments in land reform and population resettlement. This agency built Greenbelt, Maryland and Greenhills, Ohio
- forerunners of present day New Towns: Columbia, Maryland and Reston, Virginia, etc.
In what year were the first federally built greenbelt towns during peacetime?
1935-37 First U.S. federally built new towns in peacetime: the “greenbelt” towns.
What was the significance of the US Housing Act of 1937?
1937 First major federal legislative commitment to public housing, U.S. Housing Act of 1937.
What was the significance of Homer Hoyt’s “sector theory” of urban structure?
1939 Homer Hoyt’s influential “sector theory” of urban structure appears in his
monograph, The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities.
Thesector model, also known as theHoyt model, is amodelof urban land use proposed in 1939 by land economistHomer Hoyt. It is a modification of the concentric zonemodelof city development. The benefits of the application of thismodelinclude the fact it allows for an outward progression of growth.
When was the ACPI renames the American Institute of Planners (AIP)?
1939 ACPI renamed American Institute of Planners (AIP).
What was the Serviceman’s Readjustment Act? When was it passed?
1944 Serviceman’s Readjustment Act (“GI Bill”). Guaranteed loans for homes to veterans under favorable terms, thereby accelerating the growth of suburbs.
When was the first State Redevelopment Act passed? In which state?
1945 First state redevelopment act passed - Pennsylvania
When did the construction of Park Forest, Illinois and Levittown, New York begin?
1947 Construction of Park Forest, Illinois, and Levittown, New York, begun
A house could be built in one day when effectively scheduled. This enabled quick and economical production of similar or identical homes with rapid recovery of costs. StandardLevittownhouses included a white picket fence, green lawns, and modern appliances. Sales in the originalLevittownbegan in March 1947.
What was the first American city to adopt a comprehensive plan following WWII? When?
1948 First American city to adopt a new comprehensive plan following World War II,
Cincinnati.
What was the significance of the 1949 Housing Act?
1949 Housing Act (Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill). First U.S. comprehensive housing legislation. Aimed to construct about 800,000 units. Inaugurated urban redevelopment program.
When was the National Trust for Historic Preservation created?
1949 The National Trust for Historic Preservation is created and chartered by
Congress.
What was a significant portion of the US House Act of 1949?
1949 First U.S. federal urban redevelopment (clearance program) in U.S. House Act of
1949.
What was the decision in Berman v Parker? What year was the trial held?
1954 In Berman v. Parker, U.S. Supreme Court upholds right of Washington, D.C.
Redevelopment Land Agency to condemn properties that are unsightly, though non-deteriorated, if required to achieve objectives of duly established area redevelopment plan.
When and where did the Council of Government movement begin?
1954 The Council of Government movement (COG’s) begins in the Detroit area. It
soon spreads nationwide.
What was significant in the House Act of 1954?
1954 First U.S. federal conservation and rehabilitation program, and first federal 50/50
funding for preparation of general plans (“701”) in U. S. House Act of 1954.
What book published in 1960 by Kevin Lynch defines basic elements of a city’s “imageability” (paths, edges, nodes etc.)?
1960 Image of the City by Kevin Lynch
What state becomes the first to institute statewide zoning? In what year?
1961 Hawaii becomes first state to institute statewide zoning
When was The Life and Death of Great American Cities published? By whom? What was the significance?
1961 The Death and Life of Great American Cities, by Jane Jacobs, includes a critique of
planning and planners.
In what year did the first US federal housing subsidy program begin?
1961 First U.S. federal housing subsidy program [“221-d (3)”].
In what American city was the first zoning ordinance featuring flexible controls (such as FAR) introduced? In what year?
1961 NYC.
When was Columbia, MD built? What planning features were highlighted in the development?
1963 Columbia, Maryland, a new town situated about halfway between Washington and Baltimore, featuring some class integration and the neighborhood principle.
When was the Civil Rights Act passed? What did the Act pronounce?
1964 Civil Rights Act outlaws discrimination based on race, creed, and national origin
in places of public accommodation.
What book did TJ Kent write in 1964?
1964 T.J. Kent writes The Urban General Plan.
When was the US Department of Housing and Urban Development established? Who was the first secretary?
1965 First Secretary of new U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development— Robert C. Weaver.
When was the National Historic Preservation Act passed? What did it establish?
1966 National Historic Preservation Act passed. Establishes the National Register of Historic Places and provides, through its Section 106, for the protection of preservation-worthy sites and properties threatened by federal activities. This act also creates the national Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and directs that each state to appoint a State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO).
What program did the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act launch in 1966?
1966 “model cities” program, an interdisciplinary attack on urban blight and poverty. A centerpiece of President Lyndon Johnson’s “Great Society” program.
In what year did Ian McHarg publish Design with Nature? What was the significance of the book?
1969 Ian McHarg publishes Design with Nature, linking planning to the natural environment.
What did the National Environmental Policy Act require? When was it established?
1969 National Environmental Policy Act requires an “environmental impact statement” for every federal or federally aided state or local major action that might significantly harm the environment.
When was the Federal Environmental Protection Agency established? Why was the agency established?
1970 Federal Environmental Protection Agency established to administer main provisions of the Clean Air Act (1970).
When and where was the first major introduction of the transfer of development rights?
1971 Chicago.
What was the significance of Golden v Planning Board of New York? In what year was the case tried?
1972 In Golden v. Planning Board of Ramapo, New York high court allows the use of performance criteria as a means of slowing community growth.
When was the first federal revenue sharing program established?
1972
When was the first national land use legislation introduced? Was it later aborted?
1972 First national land-use legislation introduced (aborted).
When and where was the first rapid transit system built?
1972 First rapid transit system built for fast center-to-center service begins service (BART— Bay Area Rapid Transit). San Francisco Bay Area.
What did Senator Jackson propose in 1972?
1972- Senator Jackson proposes national land-use legislation to protect natural resources and undeveloped land.
How did the Housing and Community Development Act change grants? In what year?
1974 The Housing and Community Development Act replaces the categorical grant
with the block grant as the principal form of federal aid for local community development.
When did the American Institute of Planners (AIP) and American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) merge to become American Planning Association (APA)?
1978
What did the Penn Central Transportation Co v City if New York uphold? In what year?
1978 Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104 (1978): U.S. Supreme Court upholds New York City’s Landmark Preservation Law as applied to Grand Central Terminal. In this landmark decision, the Court found that barring some development of air rights was not a taking when the interior of the property could be put to lucrative use.
What was the first state to institute statewide zoning? When?
1978 Hawaii
In which year did the Reagan Revolution begin? What did it feature?
1980 “Reagan Revolution” begins. Planning profession challenged to adapt to a new (counter-New Deal) policy environment: reduced federal domestic spending, privatization, deregulation, etc. Phase-out of some earlier aids to planning (e.g., sewer grants) and planning programs (e.g., “Title V Regions”).
What was the outcome of the case heard in 1983 that focused in Mt. Laurel New Jersey?
1983 In a case focusing on Mt. Laurel, New Jersey, the New Jersey Supreme Court rules that all 567 municipalities in the state must build their “fair share” of affordable housing. A precedent-setting decision against racial segregation.
What was the outcome of the First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v Los Angeles County? In what year was the trial held?
1987 First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. Los Angeles County, 482 U.S. 304 (1987), was a 6-3 decision of the United States Supreme Court. The Court held that the complete destruction of the value of property constituted a “taking” under the Fifth Amendment even if that taking was temporary and the property was later restored.
What was significance of the Nollan v California Coastal Commission case?
1987 In Nollan v. California Coastal Commission, it finds that land-use restrictions, to be valid, must be tied directly to a specific public purpose.
What was the significance of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act? What year was it passed?
1991 Passage of Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) includes
provisions for a National Scenic Byways Program and for transportation enhancements, each of which includes a historic preservation component. Congress passes the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), the first federal transportation law to mandate planning
What was the significance of the Lucas v South Carolina Coastal Council case? What year was it tried?
1992 In Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, the U.S. Supreme Court limits local and
state government’s ability to restrict private property without compensation.
What was the significance of the Dolan v City of Tigard case? What year was the case tried?
1994 In Dolan v. City of Tigard, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that a jurisdiction must show that there is a “rough proportionality “ between the adverse impacts of a proposed development and the exactions it wishes to impose on the developer.
What did President Clinton do in the year 2000 regarding national monuments?
2000 President Clinton Creates eight new national monuments in five western states.
Canyons of the Ancients (Colorado); Cascade-Siskiyou (Oregon); Hanford Reach (Washington); Ironwood Forest Grand Canyon-Parashant, Agua Fria (Arizona); Grand Sequoia, California Coastal (California). He also expanded one existing national monument in California (Pinnacles).
