Other Flashcards
Advocacy Planning
Advocacy Planning (1960s-70s) - (Saul Alinsky, Paul Davidoff, and Sheri Arnstein). Dissatisfaction with planning as it was being practiced in the late 1960s to early 1970s led to the development of advocacy planning. Cookie-cutter plans were not responsive to local needs. Elitist plans were prepared and adopted by “establishment” planning commissions. Plans ignored the needs of minorities and low-income families. Advocacy planning refers to the right of a neighborhood group or other group to advocate plans directed to its own interests. Interests should form the basis of government action. Citizen participation in plan making is as important as the plan itself. Key issues of the movement were environmental issues and growth management. Key concepts of the movement: planners should be advocates; planners have values underlying their positions. Values held by planners should be made clear. Planning decisions are contentious. The planning profession must engage itself thoroughly and openly in this contention. Planners should be advocates of either governments or other individuals or groups. Planning policy should be determined through the process of political debate. Appropriate policy is a matter of choice, not fact. Balance between bureaucracy and special interests. Planning process must include, rather than exclude, citizens. Being included is more than just being heard. It means being well informed about the underlying reasons for planning proposals, and the ability (right) to respond to those proposals in the technical language of planners. (see Advocacy & Pluralism in Planning, Davidoff and Ladder of Citizen Participation, Arnstein).
Cincinnati Plan 1925
Cincinnati Plan, 1925 - The Ford-Goodrich plan for Cincinnati was something of a landmark in the 1920’s because its scope was far broader than that of most plans of the period. In addition to the familiar elements, it contained sections on the historical growth of the city and probable trends of future development, downtown traffic problems, subdivisions and housing, schools and play yards, garbage and refuse disposal, means of financing improvements, and a program for a citizens’ city planning committee.
Central Park NYC
Central Park, New York City (1857) - Designed by Frederick Law Olmsted Sr. and Calvert Vaux. Central Park became the model for large urban parks throughout the country in the 19th Century.
Plan of Chicago 1909
Chicago, Plan of (1909) - First comprehensive plan for orderly development of a great American city. Inspired by the World’s Columbian Exposition (in 1893), in Chicago’s Jackson Park. Launched the City Beautiful movement. Designed by Daniel H. Burnham. Initiated and paid for by private individuals. First comprehensive plan in U.S. Major components included: system of regional highways, systematic arrangement of streets and avenues, especially diagonal boulevards to facilitate flow to and from central business district. Improved railroad terminals, improved Lake Michigan frontage with parks, beaches, off-shore islands, brought about the extension of an outer park system (mostly forest preserves), utilized parkways to connect existing and proposed parks. Promoted new centers of intellectual life and civic administration. Spawned civic center and community centers around the nation.
City Beautiful Movement
City Beautiful Movement - Primary proponent was Daniel Burnham.Primary components: re-create cities as works of art, grandeur, strong axis, monuments, parks, monumental public buildings; more emphasis on how things looked than how they worked. Inspired by the Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Early 1900s movement resulted from the desire of wealthy Americans who wanted to re-invent their cities in line with the great cities of the world. Emphasized civic art and sanitary hygiene.
Country Club Plaza
Country Club Plaza, Kansas City, Missouri (1922) - The Country Club Shopping Center in Kansas City. Opening in 1922. First suburban shopping center. Developed by J.C. Nichols.
Village of Euclid v Ambler Realty Company
Euclid (1926) - Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., U.S. Supreme Court. Legitimized zoning as a way of controlling land use. Gave planners credibility they didn’t have before. Details: Euclid is a suburb of Cleveland, Ohio. In 1922, the Euclid Village Council adopted a zoning code, relying on classifications used in New York City’s 1916 zoning code (the nation’s first). The Code included land use zones, height restrictions, lot area requirements, and setback requirements. This was the first zoning suit to be brought to federal court. Alfred Bettmen wrote a friend of the court brief arguing that zoning was a valid form of nuisance control and thus a reasonable exercise of police power. The US Supreme Court ruled in favor of Euclid.
Forest Hills Gardens Long Island, NY
Forest Hills Gardens, Long Island, New York (1911+) - Located in Queens, New York, and begun in 1908. America’s first “garden suburb.” Designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. and Grosvenor Atterbury for the Russell Sage Foundation. Served as the inspiration for Clarence Perry’s Neighborhood Unit Concept.
Garden Cities
Garden Cities (late 19th early 20 Centuries) - Primary proponent was Ebenezer Howard. Other proponents included Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker (England), Clarence Perry, and Clarence Stein. The Garden Cities movement was spawned by a new socioeconomic system acclaimed as superior to capitalism and socialism, characterized by local management and self-government without a need for intervention from the central state. Designed for socioeconomic stratums just above the poor. Primary Components: Developed as cities of 30,000 residents with radial avenues and peripheral industries, separated from adjacent cities by greenbelt and connected via rapid transit. Developed on farmland purchased by the community at agricultural rates. As land values increased, mortgages from landowners would provide for the welfare state, without a need for taxation. First demonstration in U.S.: Forest Hills Gardens (New York); Sunnyside Gardens (New York); Fairlawn (New Jersey). Garden cities typically contained villages separated from factories and cities by a greenbelt. Homes were grouped around communal greens or pedestrian ways (anticipating Radburn’s layout by more than 25 years). English Garden Cities: Letchworth / Hampstead / Welwyn were constructed. The movement introduced Neighborhood Unit Principle in which the central focus is a school, with an elementary school cache area determining the size of the community. Local shops were located where neighborhoods intersect. Contained a central area for community institutions.
Greenbelt Towns (1930s)
Greenbelt Towns (1930s) - Begun in 1935 with the New Deal Program “Rural Resettlement Administration” (RRA), within the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The agency undertook to design and construct four communities collectively known as greenbelt towns: Greenbelt, Maryland, Greenhills, Ohio, Greendale, Wisconsin, Greenbrook, New Jersey (never built). These projects were planned to assist local employment and to create model communities to guide future development. Components: modified neighborhood units in countryside, surrounded by extensive greenbelts of public land. Served as dormitory suburbs for nearby metropolises. These towns were built and operated by the federal government.
Hawaiis State Land Use Law 1961
Hawaii’s State Land Use Law (1961) - Zoned the state into three districts - urban, agriculture, and conservation - and established a state land-use commission. It was the first such statewide regulatory system in the US.
Kalamazoo Mall, Michigan
Kalamazoo Mall (Michigan) (1956) - Opened in 1959, and was the nation’s first downtown pedestrian mall. It was based on a 1957 plan for the city by Victor Gruen and has been extended twice, with considerable success.
New York City Zoning Code 1916
New York City Zoning Code (1916) - First comprehensive zoning code in the U.S. George Burdett Ford (1879 to1930) provided technical assistance to the drafters of the New York City zoning code of 1916.
Oregon’s Statewide Program for Land Use Planning 1973
Oregon’s Statewide Program for Land Use Planning (1973) - Oregon created the most extensive, innovative program for land use planning in America, resulting in state policies and interests in land use being reflected in local comprehensive plans and land use regulations, including statewide growth management.
Petaluma Environmentalist Design Plan
Petaluma Environmental Design Plan (1971-1972) - Prepared by the firm of Corwin R. Mocine and Sydney Williams. The plan’s controversial system for phasing residential growth was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1976. The plan limited new housing to 500 units a year. It also established a 200-foot-wide greenbelt and created a community board to evaluate proposed new development. Had a major influence on the evolution of managed growth processes throughout the US. (see Construction Industry Association of Sonoma v. City of Petaluma, U.S. 9th Circuit Court, 1975). Communities can restrict the number of building permits granted each year, if reasonable. This does not violate the right to travel).
