PLANNING Flashcards
A collective image – map or impressions – map of a city, a collective picture of what people
extract from the physical reality of a city.
IMAGE OF A CITY
Major and minor routes of circulation
to move about, the city has a network of major
routes and a neighborhood network of minor
routes; a building has several main routes which
people use to get to it or from it. An urban
highway network is a network of pathways for a
whole city.
PATHWAYS
A city is composed of component neighborhoods or districts; its center, uptown, midtowns, its in-town residential areas, train yards, factory areas, suburbs, college campuses, etc. Sometimes they are considerably mixed in character and do not have distinct limits like the midtown in Manhattan.
DISTRICTS
The termination of a district is its
edge. Some districts have no distinct edges at
all but gradually taper off and blend into another
district. When two districts are joined at an edge
they form a seam. A narrow park may be a
joining seam for two urban neighborhoods.
EDGES
The prominent visual features of
the city; some are very large and are
seen at great distances; some are
very small and can only be seen up close (street
clock, a fountain, or a small statue in a park).
Landmarks help in orienting people
in the city and help identify an area.
LANDMARKS
A center of activity; distinguished from a landmark by virtue of its active function; it is a distinct hub of activity. Times Square in New York City is both a landmark and a node.
NODES
Focuses on the physical improvement of the public
environment
URBAN DESIGN
Focuses on the management of private development
through established planning methods and programs
URBAN PLANNING
links within the settlement and
with other settlements, transportation
systems, communication systems, water supply
systems, power and electrical systems, etc.
NETWORKS
buildings, the built component – housing,
hospitals, schools, town halls, commercial
establishments
SHELLS
Merging of two or more metropolises with a population of 10 million
or more, a 20th century phenomenon.
MEGALOPOLIS
A composition of cities, metropolises, urban areas.
CONURBATION
The city grows in a radial expansion from the
center to form a series of concentric zones or
circles such as in Chicago. As the city grows,
each ring invades and overtakes the next ring
out – a process called Invasion/ Succession
(thus, Concentric Theory is sometimes
referred to as Invasion/ Succession
Theory”).
CONCENTRIC ZONE
THEORY
(Monocentric)
E. W. Burgess
High-density residential, commercial, and
industrial uses radiate out from the central
business district (CBD) in “sectors” that follow
major transportation routes. More expensive
housing also radiates out from the CBD
– Towards large open spaces and higher
ground. Less expensive housing takes
whatever land is left over.
SECTOR THEORY
Homer Hoyt
Cities tend to grow around not one but several
distinct nuclei.
Certain land uses group together to take
advantage of unique facilities (e.g.
universities), specializations, codependencies,
or externalities. This theory is
often applied to cities with more than one CBD
MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman
