planning Flashcards
types of planning descriptions
-planning as a basic human activity
-planning as a rational choice
-planning as control of future action
-planning as a special kind of problem solving
Basic activity that pervades human behavior at every level of society
planning as a basic human activity
choice that meets certain standards of consistency and logic
planning as a rational choice
the ability to control the future consequences of present actions
planning as control of future action
Planning’s purpose
make the future different from what it would have been without the intervention
what planning is not
-not a purely individual activity
-not present-oriented
-cannot be routinized
-has little or nothing in common with trial and error approaches to problem solving
-not just imagining of desirable futures
planning must be
-societal
-future-oriented
-non-routinized
-deliberate
-action oriented
is the deliberate social or organizational activity of developing an optimal strategy for achieving a desired set of goals
planning
central feature of planning
rationality
a way of choosing the best means to attain a given end
rationality
a tool that enables us to make choices according to certain standards of logic
rationality
logic of axioms
rationality
axioms of logic in planning
-preferences must be transitive
-probabilities and utilities must be independent
-inadmissibility of dominated choices
ranked in order: from best to worst
preferences must be transitive
one’s assessment of the likelihood that some event or outcome will happen (its probability) should not be affected by the value one would assign to that event or outcome (its utility)
probabilities and utilities must be independent
superior option must be chosen
inadmissibility of dominated choices
contextual planning models
-comprehensive planning
-social planning
-advocacy planning
-bureaucratic planning
-radical or anti-planning
-nonplanning
recognizes complexity of factors affecting physical land or land use decisions
comprehensive planning
oriented towards social needs more that to physical planning
social planning
considers special and/or marginalized groups
advocacy planning
value-neutral administrator
bureaucratic planning
social change outside the governmental establishment or in active opposition to it
radical or antiplanning
people’s behavior and interaction will eventually produce socially optimal outcomes with minimum regulation
nonplanning
planner’s roles
-technician administrator
-political roles
-mobilizer
-mediator
-entrepreneur
-advocate and guerilla
technical expert at the service of elected officials
technician administrator
develop support for plan implementation
mobilizer
combine diverse and conflicting interests
mediator
gathering the resources needed to implement the plans
entrepreneur
represent special interest groups
advocate and guerilla
sequential, multi-staged process in which many of the phases are linked to their predecessors by feedback loops
planning processc
planning components
-problems diagnosis
-goal articulation
-prediction and projection
-alternatives development
-feasibility analysis
-evaluation
-implementation
cyclical planning process
policy, plan generation, evaluation, implementation
the definition of goals objectives
policy
the identification of problems and issues
policy
the development of strategies/plans for achieving goals
plan generation
the development of policies for solving problems
plan generation
testing and evaluation strategies and policy packages
evaluation
implementing strategies and policies and monitoring against defined performance criteria
implementation and monitoring
analytic tools in policy analysis
-systems approach
-modeling
-simulations
Any process or situation can be analyzed as a system
systems approach
is defined as a set of components whose interdependencies with one another are stronger than their relationship with other elements outside the system.
A system
A change in one component will result in a change in the other components
systems approach
Anything affecting one component will affect all the other components
systems approach
An abstraction or representation of the reality
Modeling
Different kinds of analytic tools in policy analysis
iconic
analog
symbolic
those that look like reality (e.g. scale model of a house)
Iconic
those in which there is correspondence between elements and action in the model and those in reality but no direct physical resemblance (e.g. charts, graphs)
Analog
representation of entities of a system through symbols (e.g. F=ma)
Symbolic
A replication or imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system
Are important predictive tools
Simulations
evaluation tools in policy analysis
-benefit cost analysis
-cost effectiveness analysis
-impact analysis
benefit cost ratio
benefit cost analysis
units of output per peso cost
cost effectiveness analysis
EIS
TIA
SIA
Impact analysis
planning sectors
social
economic
physical
institutional
environment
seeks to improve the state of well-being of the local population and upgrade the quality of social services such as health, education, welfare, housing, etc.
social sector
- ensures that the economy is in a sound state of health thru the use of various measures to create a favorable climate for private investments
economic sector
- lays down the physical base of the social and economic development of the area, and provides infrastructure support requirements of other development sectors
physical sector
- focuses on strengthening the capability of the bureaucracy and elective officials to manage effectively planned growth and change
Institutional sector
- seeks to provide mechanisms for the effective partnerships and linkages
Institutional sector
fiscal administration
Institutional sector
- consolidates the environmental implications of all development proposals w/l the municipality and provides mitigating and preventive measures for their anticipated impacts
Environment sector
- maintaining the cleanliness of air, water and land resources and rehabilitating degraded areas
Environment sector
- preservation/ conservation and management of protected areas -and wildlife
Environment sector
