HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND INFLUENCES Flashcards by DESTINY KIM | Brainscape

Q

history of planning

A

the ancient world
a. the beginning of urbanization
b. egyptians (400 BC)
c. greeks (5th century BC)
d romans (27 BC to 324 AD)
The medieval, renaissance and baroque periods
a. medieval period (500-1500 AD)
b. renaissance (15th to 16th century)
c. baroque (17th to 18th century)
industrial revolution’
a. reform movements
b. garden city
c. comprehensive planning

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Q

construction of the first cities (warrior-king city kingdoms

A

5000 BC

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Q

built cities served as fortress and market places for agricultural products of the surrounding lands

A

5000 BC

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Q

population ranged from 3000 to 5000 people

A

5000 BC

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Q

Babylon as one of the first cities

A

2000 BC

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Q

rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar II during the 6th century BC with regular street plan

A

babylon

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Q

have temple and tower at center

A

babylon

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Q

growth of other cities planned and built along indus valley (known as pakistan) and the yellow river of china

A

2000 BC

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Q

primary location factors were transport, agriculture and defensive advantages

A

indus valley

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Q

similar with egyptian cities (not walled)

A

indus valley

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Q

flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley which produced surplus crops fueled social development and culture

A

egyptian (400 BC)

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Q

organization of collective construction and agricultural projects and trading with surrounding regions

A

egyptian (400 BC)

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Q

building of monumental pyramids. temple and obelisks

A

egyptian (400 BC)

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Q

hippodamus of miletus

A

father of town planning

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Q

hippodamus of miletus

A

ancient greece (500-400 BC)

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Q

greek architect. highlighted importance of rectangular street system to ensure accessibility of the public buildings and spaces

A

hippodamus of miletus

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Q

rectangular street system

A

gridiron pattern

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Q

planning philosophy and designs were used extensively in Greek colonial town and city states

A

ancient greece (500-400 BC)

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Q

greek colonial town and city states

A

miletus and prienes

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Q

ignificant developements of ancient greece (500-400 BC) include

A

acropolis
agora
gridiron pattern

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Q

visible relationship between buildings and nature

A

acropolis

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Q

served as commercial business center of the city

A

agora

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Q

credited to lawyer named hippodamus

A

gridiron pattern

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Q

rome was the first city with a million population (3 AD)

A

ancient rome (27 BC to 324 AD)

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Q

construction of eight-storey buildings until 1st century AD

A

ancient rome (27 BC to 324 AD)

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Q

first example of zoning observed when augustus imposed a 70-foot height limit

A

ancient rome (27 BC to 324 AD)

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Q

recognition of town as a system of gridiron streets enclosed by a wall; theater, arena and market were places for common assembly

A

ancient rome (27 BC to 324 AD)

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Q

construction of huge monument and public buildings

A

ancient rome (27 BC to 324 AD)

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Q

building of forum (public meeting place)

A

ancient rome (27 BC to 324 AD)

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Q

basic street pattern useful for military government

A

ancient rome (27 BC to 324 AD)

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Q

recognition of the importance of transportation making the romans the first regional planners

A

ancient rome (27 BC to 324 AD)

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Q

housing was predominantly small apartments with atrium style houses

A

ancient rome (27 BC to 324 AD)

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Q

first regional planners

A

romans

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Q

reasons for the fall of the roman empire 476 AD

A

-moral decay
-emperors had ostentatious and pleasure-focused lifestyles
-sectoral strife
-poor governance
-vikings cut off roman lifeline the aqueduct
-empire was too large to maintain

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Q

church became the main administrative arm of the state

A

medieval period (500-2450 AD)

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Q

predominance of abbeys and cathedrals indicating church influence

A

medieval period (500-2450 AD)

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Q

growth of towns around either a monastery or castle, assumed a radiocentric pattern

A

medieval period (500-2450 AD)

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Q

existence of two architectural styles: norman and gothic

A

medieval period (500-2450 AD)

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Q

-official architecture of the church or cathedral with rounded arch

A

norman style

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Q

adopted by the victorians in building railway stations with pointed arch

A

gothic style

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Q

church became less dominant with power gained by businessmen and merchants

A

15/16th century renaissance period

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Q

redevelopment of central area in italian cities

A

15/16th century renaissance period

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Q

creation of formal central square, piazza, along the lines of forum or agora (fostered by michaelangelo, bernini and others)

A

15/16th century renaissance period

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Q

italian cities built at high density for defense

A

15/16th century renaissance period

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Q

leon battista alberti (1404-1472)

A

renaissance 1440s

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Q

made ideal cities

A

leon battista alberti (1404-1472)

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Q

redesigned romes water supply

A

leon battista alberti (1404-1472)

Q

star shaped plans with street radiating from a central point, usually for a church, palace of castle

A

ideal cities

Q

city should show solidity (firmitas), functionality (utilitas), and beauty (venustas)

A

ideal cities

Q

pierre charles l’enfant (1754-1825)

A

renaissance 1440s

Q

french-american engineer who prepared plan for washington dc

A

pierre charles l’enfant (1754-1825)

Q

linked settlements to transport

A

renaissance period: rome (1550s)

Q

built roads to expand empires

A

renaissance period: rome (1550s)

Q

built cities for defense and security

A

renaissance period: rome (1550s)

Q

characterized by square pattern of plans with housing consisting of small apartments for masses and with atrium for the rich

A

renaissance period: rome (1550s)

Q

sir christopher wren

A

renaissance period: london
(1600s)

Q

english architect, prepared plan for london, st. peter and st. paul cathedral

A

sir christopher wren

Q

designs- straight boulevards and piazzas (city square or plaza)

A

sir christopher wren

Q

john gwynn (1766)

A

renaissance period: london
(1600s)

Q

prepared a remarkable plan called “london and westminster improved”

A

john gwynn (1766)

Q

key figure in the introduction of building act of 1774 which improved standards of materials and workmanship

A

john gwynn (1766)

Q

james craig (1739-1795)

A

renaissance period: london
(1600s)

Q

don arturo soria y mata (1844-1920)

A

renaissance period: london
(1600s)

Q

tony garnier (1869-1948)

A

renaissance period: london
(1600s)

Q

robert owen (1771-1858)

A

renaissance period: london
(1600s)

Q

scottish architect, planned linear new towns for edinburgh

A

james craig (1739-1795)

Q

plans for a new town composed of simple rectilinear arrangement of three parallel streets

A

james craig (1739-1795)

Q

spanish engineer, suggested the idea “linear city” (ciudad lenial) from cadiz, spain across europe

A

don arturo soria y mata (1844-1920)

Q

logic of linear utility lines should be the basis of all city layout

A

“linear city” (ciudad lenial)

Q

houses and buildings could be set alongside linear utility systems supplying water, communications and electriicty

A

“linear city” (ciudad lenial)

Q

french architect who made industrial city with a linear strcuture, designed hypothetical industrial town called the “une cite industrielle”

A

tony garnier (1869-1948)

Q

designs characterized with separation of spaces by function through four zoning categories (leisure/recreation, industry, work, and transport)

A

“une cite industrielle”

Q

english social reformer, conceptualized “village of unity and mutual cooperation”

A

robert owen (1771-1858)

Q

established a silent monitor system to determine the daily behavior of workers in a given village (based on business principle)

A

robert owen (1771-1858)

Q

baron george eugene haussman

A

renaissance period: paris
(1800s)

Q

architect-theorist, urban design attended to workers as well as members of the ruling class

A

baron george eugene haussman

Q

designs with network of large avenues, railway stations, monuments, squares at the crossroads, public facilities

A

baron george eugene haussman

Q

marked by monumentalism and grandeur of reigning monarch of the western world (france)

A

baroque period (17th to 18th century AD)

Q

cities possessing majestic boulevards characterized with huge open spaces

A

baroque period (17th to 18th century AD)

Q

common architectural designs are luxuriant, decorative portals, fronts, and gates, overloaded with unrestrained ornamentation

A

baroque period (17th to 18th century AD)

Q

the garden city movement

A

ebenezer howard (1850-1928)

Q

theory of three magnets

A

ebenezer howard (1850-1928)

Q

both city and the countryside had both advantages and disadvantages

A

theory of three magnets

Q

good town and country living features would be confined into garden city: 30,000 population, surrounded by greenbelt

A

theory of three magnets

Q

concept of social city

A

theory of three magnets

Q

a polycentric settlement surrounded by greenbelt and consists of garden cities closely linked with one another and with a larger central city

A

social city

Q

supported high residential density (15 houses per acre - 0,40 heactare)

A

social city

Q

daniel hudson burnham

A

the city beautiful era (1900-1945)

Q

leading proponent of the city beautiful movement

A

daniel hudson burnham

Q

father of american city planning

A

daniel hudson burnham

Q

greatest achievement is the chicago plan

A

daniel hudson burnham

Q

intention of using beautification and monumental grandeur of cities (chicago, detroit and washinton dc)

A

the city beautiful era (1900-1945)

Q

to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations

A

the city beautiful era (1900-1945)

Q

beautification could promote a harmonious social order that would increase the quality of life

A

the city beautiful era (1900-1945)

Q

his movement spread to embrace all public works including bridges, river embarkments, colleges and universities

A

daniel hudson burnham

Q

the movement gave way to the city functional concepts including zoning

A

the city beautiful era (1900-1945)

Q

city was a totally designed system of main circulation arteries, a network of parks and clusters of focal buildings or building blocks of civic centers including city hall, a country court house, a library, an opera house, a museum and a plaza

A

the city beautiful era (1900-1945)

Q

patrick geddes (1854-1932)

A

the regional city (1900-1940)

Q

scottish social evolutionist and planner

A

patrick geddes (1854-1932)

Q

concept of survey before plan

A

patrick geddes (1854-1932)

Q

introduced the concept of conurbation

A

patrick geddes (1854-1932)

Q

conglomeration of town aggregates, describing the waves of population to large cities, followed by overcrowding and slum formation, and the wave of backflow

A

urban conurbation

Q

founder of regional planning association of america

A

clarence stein

Q

explained how new york developed from a city of small trade centers to an industrial belt, to a financial and managerial center

A

henry wright and clarence stein

Q

urban theorists

A

-lewis mumford (1895-1990)
-constantine doxiadis

Q

structures of modern cities is partially responsible for many social problems observable in many western societies

A

lewis mumford (1895-1990)

Q

proposed ekistics as a science of human settlement which presented the emergence of increasingly large and complex settlements tending to regional conurbations to a worldwide city (ecumenopolis)

A

constantine doxiadis

Q

urban planning should consider relationship between people and their living spaces

A

lewis mumford (1895-1990)

Q

wrote city in history in 1961

A

lewis mumford (1895-1990)

Q

presents a series of super blocks (an island of greens) each around open green spaces which are themselves interconnected

A

radburn or new town idea

Q

were pedestrian ways and separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic

A

greenways

Q

swiss-born french architect, popularly known as le’corbusier

A

charles-edouard jeanneret (1887-1965)

Q

a hypothetical plan for a city of 3 million people, skyscrapers with large, rectangular park-like green spaces

A

une ville contemporaine (contemporary city)

Q

a linear city based upon the abstract shape of the human body with head, spine, arms and legs

A

la ville radieuse (radiant city)

Q

planning permission is required in land development

A

town and country planning act of 1947

Q

A