HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND INFLUENCES Flashcards
history of planning
- the ancient world
a. the beginning of urbanization
b. egyptians (400 BC)
c. greeks (5th century BC)
d romans (27 BC to 324 AD) - The medieval, renaissance and baroque periods
a. medieval period (500-1500 AD)
b. renaissance (15th to 16th century)
c. baroque (17th to 18th century) - industrial revolution’
a. reform movements
b. garden city
c. comprehensive planning
construction of the first cities (warrior-king city kingdoms
5000 BC
built cities served as fortress and market places for agricultural products of the surrounding lands
5000 BC
population ranged from 3000 to 5000 people
5000 BC
Babylon as one of the first cities
2000 BC
rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar II during the 6th century BC with regular street plan
babylon
have temple and tower at center
babylon
growth of other cities planned and built along indus valley (known as pakistan) and the yellow river of china
2000 BC
primary location factors were transport, agriculture and defensive advantages
indus valley
similar with egyptian cities (not walled)
indus valley
flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley which produced surplus crops fueled social development and culture
egyptian (400 BC)
organization of collective construction and agricultural projects and trading with surrounding regions
egyptian (400 BC)
building of monumental pyramids. temple and obelisks
egyptian (400 BC)
hippodamus of miletus
father of town planning
hippodamus of miletus
ancient greece (500-400 BC)
greek architect. highlighted importance of rectangular street system to ensure accessibility of the public buildings and spaces
hippodamus of miletus
rectangular street system
gridiron pattern
planning philosophy and designs were used extensively in Greek colonial town and city states
ancient greece (500-400 BC)
greek colonial town and city states
miletus and prienes
ignificant developements of ancient greece (500-400 BC) include
acropolis
agora
gridiron pattern
visible relationship between buildings and nature
acropolis
served as commercial business center of the city
agora
credited to lawyer named hippodamus
gridiron pattern
rome was the first city with a million population (3 AD)
ancient rome (27 BC to 324 AD)
construction of eight-storey buildings until 1st century AD
ancient rome (27 BC to 324 AD)
first example of zoning observed when augustus imposed a 70-foot height limit
ancient rome (27 BC to 324 AD)
recognition of town as a system of gridiron streets enclosed by a wall; theater, arena and market were places for common assembly
ancient rome (27 BC to 324 AD)
construction of huge monument and public buildings
ancient rome (27 BC to 324 AD)
building of forum (public meeting place)
ancient rome (27 BC to 324 AD)
basic street pattern useful for military government
ancient rome (27 BC to 324 AD)
recognition of the importance of transportation making the romans the first regional planners
ancient rome (27 BC to 324 AD)
housing was predominantly small apartments with atrium style houses
ancient rome (27 BC to 324 AD)
first regional planners
romans
reasons for the fall of the roman empire 476 AD
-moral decay
-emperors had ostentatious and pleasure-focused lifestyles
-sectoral strife
-poor governance
-vikings cut off roman lifeline the aqueduct
-empire was too large to maintain
church became the main administrative arm of the state
medieval period (500-2450 AD)
predominance of abbeys and cathedrals indicating church influence
medieval period (500-2450 AD)
growth of towns around either a monastery or castle, assumed a radiocentric pattern
medieval period (500-2450 AD)
existence of two architectural styles: norman and gothic
medieval period (500-2450 AD)
-official architecture of the church or cathedral with rounded arch
norman style
adopted by the victorians in building railway stations with pointed arch
gothic style
church became less dominant with power gained by businessmen and merchants
15/16th century renaissance period
redevelopment of central area in italian cities
15/16th century renaissance period
creation of formal central square, piazza, along the lines of forum or agora (fostered by michaelangelo, bernini and others)
15/16th century renaissance period
italian cities built at high density for defense
15/16th century renaissance period
leon battista alberti (1404-1472)
renaissance 1440s
made ideal cities
leon battista alberti (1404-1472)
redesigned romes water supply
leon battista alberti (1404-1472)
star shaped plans with street radiating from a central point, usually for a church, palace of castle
ideal cities
city should show solidity (firmitas), functionality (utilitas), and beauty (venustas)
ideal cities
pierre charles l’enfant (1754-1825)
renaissance 1440s
french-american engineer who prepared plan for washington dc
pierre charles l’enfant (1754-1825)
linked settlements to transport
renaissance period: rome (1550s)
built roads to expand empires
renaissance period: rome (1550s)
built cities for defense and security
renaissance period: rome (1550s)
characterized by square pattern of plans with housing consisting of small apartments for masses and with atrium for the rich
renaissance period: rome (1550s)
sir christopher wren
renaissance period: london
(1600s)
english architect, prepared plan for london, st. peter and st. paul cathedral
sir christopher wren
designs- straight boulevards and piazzas (city square or plaza)
sir christopher wren
john gwynn (1766)
renaissance period: london
(1600s)
prepared a remarkable plan called “london and westminster improved”
john gwynn (1766)
key figure in the introduction of building act of 1774 which improved standards of materials and workmanship
john gwynn (1766)
james craig (1739-1795)
renaissance period: london
(1600s)
don arturo soria y mata (1844-1920)
renaissance period: london
(1600s)
tony garnier (1869-1948)
renaissance period: london
(1600s)
robert owen (1771-1858)
renaissance period: london
(1600s)
scottish architect, planned linear new towns for edinburgh
james craig (1739-1795)
plans for a new town composed of simple rectilinear arrangement of three parallel streets
james craig (1739-1795)
spanish engineer, suggested the idea “linear city” (ciudad lenial) from cadiz, spain across europe
don arturo soria y mata (1844-1920)
logic of linear utility lines should be the basis of all city layout
“linear city” (ciudad lenial)
houses and buildings could be set alongside linear utility systems supplying water, communications and electriicty
“linear city” (ciudad lenial)
french architect who made industrial city with a linear strcuture, designed hypothetical industrial town called the “une cite industrielle”
tony garnier (1869-1948)
designs characterized with separation of spaces by function through four zoning categories (leisure/recreation, industry, work, and transport)
“une cite industrielle”
english social reformer, conceptualized “village of unity and mutual cooperation”
robert owen (1771-1858)
established a silent monitor system to determine the daily behavior of workers in a given village (based on business principle)
robert owen (1771-1858)
baron george eugene haussman
renaissance period: paris
(1800s)
architect-theorist, urban design attended to workers as well as members of the ruling class
baron george eugene haussman
designs with network of large avenues, railway stations, monuments, squares at the crossroads, public facilities
baron george eugene haussman
marked by monumentalism and grandeur of reigning monarch of the western world (france)
baroque period (17th to 18th century AD)
cities possessing majestic boulevards characterized with huge open spaces
baroque period (17th to 18th century AD)
common architectural designs are luxuriant, decorative portals, fronts, and gates, overloaded with unrestrained ornamentation
baroque period (17th to 18th century AD)
the garden city movement
ebenezer howard (1850-1928)
theory of three magnets
ebenezer howard (1850-1928)
both city and the countryside had both advantages and disadvantages
theory of three magnets
good town and country living features would be confined into garden city: 30,000 population, surrounded by greenbelt
theory of three magnets
concept of social city
theory of three magnets
a polycentric settlement surrounded by greenbelt and consists of garden cities closely linked with one another and with a larger central city
social city
supported high residential density (15 houses per acre - 0,40 heactare)
social city
daniel hudson burnham
the city beautiful era (1900-1945)
leading proponent of the city beautiful movement
daniel hudson burnham
father of american city planning
daniel hudson burnham
greatest achievement is the chicago plan
daniel hudson burnham
intention of using beautification and monumental grandeur of cities (chicago, detroit and washinton dc)
the city beautiful era (1900-1945)
to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations
the city beautiful era (1900-1945)
beautification could promote a harmonious social order that would increase the quality of life
the city beautiful era (1900-1945)
his movement spread to embrace all public works including bridges, river embarkments, colleges and universities
daniel hudson burnham
the movement gave way to the city functional concepts including zoning
the city beautiful era (1900-1945)
city was a totally designed system of main circulation arteries, a network of parks and clusters of focal buildings or building blocks of civic centers including city hall, a country court house, a library, an opera house, a museum and a plaza
the city beautiful era (1900-1945)
patrick geddes (1854-1932)
the regional city (1900-1940)
scottish social evolutionist and planner
patrick geddes (1854-1932)
concept of survey before plan
patrick geddes (1854-1932)
introduced the concept of conurbation
patrick geddes (1854-1932)
conglomeration of town aggregates, describing the waves of population to large cities, followed by overcrowding and slum formation, and the wave of backflow
urban conurbation
founder of regional planning association of america
clarence stein
explained how new york developed from a city of small trade centers to an industrial belt, to a financial and managerial center
henry wright and clarence stein
urban theorists
-lewis mumford (1895-1990)
-constantine doxiadis
structures of modern cities is partially responsible for many social problems observable in many western societies
lewis mumford (1895-1990)
proposed ekistics as a science of human settlement which presented the emergence of increasingly large and complex settlements tending to regional conurbations to a worldwide city (ecumenopolis)
constantine doxiadis
urban planning should consider relationship between people and their living spaces
lewis mumford (1895-1990)
wrote city in history in 1961
lewis mumford (1895-1990)
presents a series of super blocks (an island of greens) each around open green spaces which are themselves interconnected
radburn or new town idea
were pedestrian ways and separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic
greenways
swiss-born french architect, popularly known as le’corbusier
charles-edouard jeanneret (1887-1965)
a hypothetical plan for a city of 3 million people, skyscrapers with large, rectangular park-like green spaces
une ville contemporaine (contemporary city)
a linear city based upon the abstract shape of the human body with head, spine, arms and legs
la ville radieuse (radiant city)
planning permission is required in land development
town and country planning act of 1947
