Places of Worship Flashcards

Question

Plynteria

Answer 1

annual fesitval in honour of Athena and Aglauros, a heroine who also had a sanctuary on the foothills of the Acropolis festival lasted several days during which temples were closed and business ceased Temple of Athena was surronded by rope and no one could enter so that the priestesses could clean her statue properly (goddess hidden - believed she was absent during these days)

Answer 2

destination of procession as peplos was presented to oliva statue of Athena Polias omens taken at altar in north porch

Answer 3

Apollo was the predominant god worshhipped at the Panhellenic sanctuary

Answer 4

Dionysus said to have occupied when Apollo went to live with the Hyperboreans (mythical people at the edge of the world)

Answer 5

Dionysus said to have occupied when Apollo went to live with the Hyperboreans (mythical people at the edge of the world)

Answer 6

Oracle as well as for theatrical and athletic events Pythian Games (every 4 years)

Answer 7

provided personnel for the oracle (Pythia and the priests) local Delphians had limited control over the sanctuary and the oracle

Answer 8

small community of around 1000 inhabitants

Answer 9

Amphictyonic League (local association of Greeks)

Answer 10

Panhellenic sanctuary where people from all over Greek-speaking world came to - all had a right to gather and worship source of infomation and guidance for a variety of personal and politicial decisions - needed to be neutral

Answer 11

Panhellenic sanctuary where people from all over Greek-speaking world came to - all had a right to gather and worship source of infomation and guidance for a variety of personal and politicial decisions - needed to be neutral

Answer 12

end of 6th century, Herodotus suggests that a noble Athenian family, the Alcmaeonids, had 'bribed the Pythian priestess to bid any Spartans who should come to inquire of her on a private or a public account to set Athens free' -> seemed to be isolated incidents and through Delphi's history it was only accused of bribery a handful of times (without its reputation for nuetrality and fairness, Delphi would not have been so popular and trusted throughout its history)

Answer 13

seperated into two seperate sections, divided by the modern road (each marked off from surronding temple by peribolos wall)

Answer 14

seperated into two seperate sections, divided by the modern road (each marked off from surronding temple by peribolos wall)

Answer 15

4th century temple to Athena Pronoia (Athena as oddess of foresight) circular building whose purpose is still unknown two treasuries 6th century temple of Athena and altars gymnasium (running track, Roman baths, washing pool and a palaestra - combat sports)

Answer 16

4th century temple to Athena Pronoia (Athena as oddess of foresight) circular building whose purpose is still unknown two treasuries 6th century temple of Athena and altars gymnasium (running track, Roman baths, washing pool and a palaestra - combat sports)

Answer 17

Sacred Way led worshippers from entrance of sanctuary up to Temple of Apollo Theatre located above and at top of sanctuary was stadium

Answer 18

Zeus sent two eagles, one to east and one to west and they met each other above Delphi Delphi therefore contained an omphalos (naval of the world and Delphi was believed to be the centre of the world)

Answer 19

Zeus sent two eagles, one to east and one to west and they met each other above Delphi Delphi therefore contained an omphalos (naval of the world and Delphi was believed to be the centre of the world)

Answer 20

situated in centre of sanctuary altar in front of it, dedicated by people of Chios to give them the privilege of consulting the oracle first (promanteia) - would have been a highly prized honour since the oracle was only open a few days per years

Answer 21

entered via an enormous ramp on east side temple was hexastyle - six columns at fornt with 15 columns down flanks elongated design had to accommodate adyton (forbidden room where it is believed the Pythia would speak)

Answer 22

main room of the temple where the god's image was kept

Answer 23

precise location if highly debated recent excavations reveal a walled room within the naos that might have been used but others think that it was sunk into the floor towards the back of the temple

Answer 24

stone omphalos (belly button) - the naval perhaps also a wooden and golden statue of Apollo laurel tree (commonly associated with Apollo, whose leaves the Pythia was believed to have chewed on to reach her prophetic state

Answer 25

inscriptions and sculpture inscriptions = 'know thyself' and 'nothing in excess' eastern pediment decorated with marble sculpture dating to end of 6th century showed arrival of Apollo by chariot, with gods beside him. In the corners, are lions eating other animals, perhaps symbolising the hierarchy of the gods over other creatures West pediment likely showed the Gigantomachy - battle between gods and giants with Zeus in centre

Answer 26

constructed in final phase of sanctuary's history but unites a series of buildings (mainly treasuries and stoas) and monuments that preceded focal parts of sanctuary

Answer 27

very steep as whole sanctuary was built on slopes of Mount Parnassus and arrangement of buildings and monuments had to work around this uneven ground (even steps on the Sacred Way) -> journey up to Temple of Apollo and beyond was visually exciting at every stahe of the journey (could have oversight of sanctuary from above)

Answer 28

treasuries, stoas and monuments set up by city-states from all over Greek world, relfecting Panhellenic nature of site way to showcase and promote individual military victories, despite the Panhellenic status of the sanctuary (best seen at entrance to sanctuary - Athens set up monument in highly visible and frequented location to show victory against Persians at Battle of Marathon in 490. Spartans set up monument next to Athenians when they defeated them which was 3x the size - Spartan supremacy celebrated with Apollo and dominated area)

Answer 29

reflects unity and alliance beside altar in front of Temple of Apollo Set up after 479BC victory at Plataea by Greek alliance to thank Apollo for his guidance 9 m high and was 3 bronze serpents coiled together w/ golden tripod (serpents = Pytho who Apollo slew and tripod = tripod Pythia sat on) names of 31 Greek states involved are inscribed on it - unity and common worship but also shamed poleis that did not join in - many were part of Amphikytonic League)

Answer 30

30 treasury foundations visible today Treasury of Siphnians and Treasury of Athenians = big ones

Answer 31

30 treasury foundations visible today Treasury of Siphnians and Treasury of Athenians = big ones Majority of treasuries were erected by faraway poleis who required greater efforts to show their inclusion in Hellenic sphere

Answer 32

located on left as you walked up to Temple made only of marble and was decorated with elaborate sculptures and caryatids on facade impressive appearance and location directly beside SW was an excellent way to promote Aegean island in Panhellenic setting

Answer 33

eye-catching located at sharp turning of SW where most worshippers were likely to pass or rest marble and heavily sculpted exterior would have stood out stoa in front set up by Athenians (on plateau directly below TofA) prime location - worshippers waiting to consult oracle would have waited here for turn Athenian self-promotion

Answer 34

impossible to see victory treasuries and monuments were just as much about self-promotion as expessing gratitude to the gods celebrate alliances

Answer 35

NW of temple reflecting presence of Dionysus only competition space within temenos (marked off religious land) 35 rows of seats with 5,000 audience capacity made in 4th century - did not exist when sanctuary's fame and reliability was being established

Answer 36

originally Pythian festival every 8 years - single contest which was singing hymn to Apollo accompanied by kithara replaced by Pythian Games (first recorded in 582) - musical contests in theatre involved singing to kithara, kithara-playing and flute-playing

Answer 37

NW of sanctuary outside temenos wall athletic contests were not distinct from religion (one inscription forbids removal of sacraficial wine from sanctuary) originally built 5th century but restored in 2nd century AD track = 177.5m long and in its final phase had stone tiers of seating for 6,500 spectators on both sides of track where majoirity of athletic contests took place for PG - same events as Panhellenic games (equestrian = hippodrome, combat = palaestra)

Answer 38

took place on the seventh day of each month for 9 months (Apollo absent for the remaining 3) 9 days a year was not a lot for the amount of people who visited from all over the world

Answer 39

'lot oracle' performed at Corycian Cave high above Delphi questions requiring yes or no answer were posed and B&W dice was rolled to determine whether answer was positive or negative

Answer 40

first day of every month - purify herself and perform offerings to Apollo Priests would verify divine consultation could prtoceed

Answer 41

first day of every month - purify herself and perform offerings to Apollo Priests would verify divine consultation could prtoceed

Answer 42

Priests sprinkled water on head of goat and if it shuddered it consented to consultation --> it was then sacraficed on altar outside to Apollo so people knew the oracle could be consulted

Answer 43

since only open 9 days a year, consultants arranged inorder Delphians first lots drawn to arrange visitors Promanteia granted by Amphictyony (supreme council in charge of sanctuary and oracle (based on rel a person or city may have with Delphi) -> island of Chios dedicated an enormous altar to sanctuary and granted promanteia in response

Answer 44

assembled in nbuildings like Athenian stoa while they waited -> perfect opp to meet people from all over world and discuss ideas and queries (this sharing of infomation made Delphi so special and unique - intelligence gathered and debated in neutral setting)

Answer 45

worshipper had to make a payment pelanos (small sacraficial cake) burned at altar by Delphians = cost prices differed for which city person from (Athens = more because wealthy) some individuals did not have to pay (e.g King Croesus of Lydia - recognition of offerings he gave)

Answer 46

made a sacrafice and went to where Pythia was waiting unclear what then happened - whether consultant spoke directly to the Pythia and was in room with her, how Pythia reached state of ecstacy and to what extent her response was intelligible by non-priests

Answer 47

440-430BC red figure Kodros painter Pythia sits on her tripod holding a laurel branch and libation bowl with a wreatheed consultant in front of her -> shows how oracle at Delphi was consulted not clarfied if the man is a consultant or intermediary priest tripod = associated with Apollo Pythia's head and entire body are covered to show respectability and modesty coloumn inside suggests they are indoors (probably in adyton) laurel wreath = honour to Apollo

Answer 48

440-430BC red figure Kodros painter Pythia sits on her tripod holding a laurel branch and libation bowl with a wreatheed consultant in front of her -> shows how oracle at Delphi was consulted not clarfied if the man is a consultant or intermediary priest tripod = associated with Apollo Pythia's head and entire body are covered to show respectability and modesty coloumn inside suggests they are indoors (probably in adyton) laurel wreath = honour to Apollo

Answer 49

suggest that there was another room in the adyton where consultants stood while the Pythia made her prophercies but this room has not been excavated

Answer 50

suggest that there was another room in the adyton where consultants stood while the Pythia made her prophercies but this room has not been excavated

Answer 51

debated chewed on laurel leaves to reach state of ecstasy inhaled vapours that emanated from the ground (geologists have iscovered two fault lines that crossed directly beneath the temple and a small amount of gas could have risen from te rov

Answer 52

debated chewed on laurel leaves to reach state of ecstasy inhaled vapours that emanated from the ground (geologists have iscovered two fault lines that crossed directly beneath the temple and a small amount of gas could have risen from the rocks underneath - would have had a significant impact on the Pythia in a constricted room) sources differed based on whether she raved incoherent noises which were then deciphered or whether her responses were comprehensible

Answer 53

Plutarch (1st century AD writer) records that people ask 'if they will be victorious, if they will mary, if it will be profitable to sail, if to farm, if to travel' indicating a wide range of concerns city states used to consult about decisions breadth of enquiry further illustrates how religion played a crucial role in every aspect of life

Answer 54

1. economic, physical and time cost for individuals/city-states to consult the oracle suggest that there must have been a genuine trust in and appreciation of the advice given by the oracle 2. private consultants doubtless valued the journey to Delphi as much as the resppnse by the Pythia. Created time to think about options and discuss them with strangers whom they meet along the way - work through dilemmas 3. state queries would have benefited from gathering of people from arounf world (Athenian coming to Delphi to ask about Persian invasion might meet Greek from Abydos in the N and could ask if he had seen rumours - benefitted statesmen who needed eyewitness accounts to make decisions

Answer 55

combination of the factors and persistent belief in relationship between madness and truth-telling in ancient imagonation did not usually interpret the madness as purely insane but rather having special insight and understanding

Answer 56

Chaerephon consulted the oracle inquiring about Socrates' wisdom as reported in Plato's 'Apology' in its answer, the oracle declares that Socrates is the wisest man of all Socrates tried to interpret this to come to conclusion 'I do not think I know what I do not know' and was therefore wiser than people who think they know transformed in paradox 'I know that I know nothing'

Answer 57

Central Western part of Peloponnese site and use are firmly linked with mythology and cult of predomiant (but not only) god worshipped at the site - Zeus

Answer 58

not a city-state controlled by a league of Greek city-states under authoirty of single city (Elis) Eleans provided all priests and officals before opening of Olympic Games, large procession of

Answer 59

not a city-state controlled by a league of Greek city-states under authoirty of single city (Elis) Eleans provided all priests and officals before opening of Olympic Games, large procession of

Answer 60

not a city-state controlled by a league of Greek city-states under authoirty of single city (Elis) Eleans provided all priests and officals before opening of Olympic Games, large procession held from Elis to Olympia - mark presence

Answer 61

the sanctuary and temenos was distinguished by a boundary wall called the Altis and within it were the sacred buildings

Answer 62

centre of Altis - dominated space built before 456 housed chryselephantine statue of Zeus by Pheidias largest temple in the sanctuary and one of the largest in mainland Greece at the time decorated with scenes relating to mythology of Zeus and Olypia

Answer 63

chariot race between Pelops (Zeus' grandson) and Oinomaos Pelops = Greek hero whose shrine is located within Altis and hereafter founded OG Zeus in centre presiding over the event and ensuring hero defeats barbaric Oinomaos (beheaded all prev opponents) myth is relevant to Zeus due to familial connection but also related to Olympia (founding myth to games) either side - personifications of the rivers of Olympia (Kladeos and Alpheios) - mythical scene brought closer to the temple

Answer 64

chariot race between Pelops (Zeus' grandson) and Oinomaos Pelops = Greek hero whose shrine is located within Altis and hereafter founded OG Zeus in centre presiding over the event and ensuring hero defeats barbaric Oinomaos (beheaded all prev opponents) myth is relevant to Zeus due to familial connection but also related to Olympia (founding myth to games) either side - personifications of the rivers of Olympia (Kladeos and Alpheios) - mythical scene brought closer to the temple

Answer 65

portrayed Cenaturomachy cenaturs vs Lapiths from Thessaly victory of civilisation over barbarity Apollo = in centre dominating as god of justic and order

Answer 66

portrayed Cenaturomachy cenaturs vs Lapiths from Thessaly victory of civilisation over barbarity Apollo = in centre dominating as god of justic and order

Answer 67

portrayed 12 labours of Heracles aided by goddess Athena H= lauded particually by athletes due to strength and agility son of Zeus, also believed to be founder of OG - recipient of worship at sanctuary and series of altars stood in his honour

Answer 68

inside temple one of 7 wonders of ancient world- not survived seated on throne holding sceptre with eagle on top left hand and statue of Nike (winged victory) in right statue affirms his supremacy, power and authority as father of gods and men at OG, athletes and spectators would have entered temple to worship and admire statue byt closed for rest of the time

Answer 69

near temple here that Zeus struck his lightning bolt from Mt Olympus in N Greece existed since 10th centuary pile of ashes left from each sacrafice mixed with water from local river Alpheios by 1st century AD it had stone base with pile of ash about 7m high site of worship of god and doubtless sacrafices throughout Games (athletes and visitors) Games, even though athletic, were an honour to Zeus and religious affair

Answer 70

before entering stadium there were 12 votive offerings set up by poleis to house dedications to the gods located at terrace below Mt Kronos from Greeks all over world and all but two were from poleis outside of Greek mainland (many S Italy and Sicily) - Panhellenic appeal of sanctuary prime location = self-promotion and visibility

Answer 71

series of bronze statues of Zeus - zanes depicted god about to throw his thunderbolt paid for with fines imposed on althletes who cheated their purpose was to warn future athletes against cheating on first day of games, all athletes and judges had to swear an oath not to cheat and judge fairly to Zeus Horkios (protector of oaths) statues = visual reminder of these oaths as people approached

Answer 72

located between Temple and stadium believed a single word would echo 7 times within it Stoa Poikile - Painted Stoa because of paintings that once decorated inside Stoa = still visible today and dates to mid-4th century almost 100m long here competition for trumpeters and heralds held on first day of OG - winners = officals for whole competition (Herodotus of Megara won 10 consecutive times)

Answer 73

just outside temanos boundary running races, combat and field events athletes emerge from vaulted tunnel - dramatic reinforce religious element - race finished facing the Altis (athletes dedication) 192m long (length Heracles believed to have run in a single breath) built 560 and refurbished in mid 4th centuary 40,000-45,000 spectators only judges and priestess of Demeter Chamyne (only woman allowed to watch) had specially designated seating

Answer 74

every 4 years founded 776 but worship of Zeus can be traced before (athletic games only one of the wats Zeus could be worshipped) 5 days long preceeded by procession from Elis with sacrafices along the way opp for visitors to explore sanctuary and pay religious homage. also oracle to Zeus

Answer 75

way to assert ones Greek identity as only Greeks could compete poleis from fringes of Greek world came broadcast victories to show they are considered Greek Phillip II of Macedon depicted victory on 4 horse chariot race on gold coins - emphasie to rest of Greek world that Macedon was Greel Games = religious, civiv, athletic, political