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HD 201 > Placenta endocrinology > Flashcards

Placenta endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

How long will a corpus luteum of menstruation last unfertilized? Fertilized?

A

9-10 days, up to 2 months when fertilized

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2
Q

6-7 weeks age of gestation, what organ is the major producer of progesterone?

A

Ovaries

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3
Q

When does placenta assume progesterone secretion?

A

8 weeks AOG

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4
Q

When does progesterone level reach 10-5000 times those found in non-pregnant women?

A

end of pregnancy

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5
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone? In what organelle does this occur?

A

Cytochrome 450, mitochondria

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6
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone? In what organelle?

A

3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Endoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

Preferred cholesterol of trophoblasts as a precursor to progesterone.

A

maternal LDL cholesterol

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8
Q

Precursor that fetus contributes for progesterone synthesis.

A

None

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9
Q

T/F trophoblasts have cholesterol.

A

F

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10
Q

Roles played by progesterone (4)

A
  1. prepares and maintains endometrium
  2. suppresses maternal immunologic response
  3. role in parturition
  4. substrate for adrenal gland production of glucocorticoids and mineralo corticoids
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11
Q

Amount of progesterone produced by the placenta at term per day

A

250mg/day

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12
Q

a hyperestrogenic state

A

near term, normal human pregnancy

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13
Q

Precursors for estrogen production comes from

A

maternal and fetal adrenal glands

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14
Q

Estrogen influences what? (4)

A
  1. progesterone production
  2. uteroplacental blood flow
  3. mammary gland development
  4. fetal adrenal gland function
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15
Q

The estrogen produced in greatest quantity during pregnancy.

A

Estriol

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16
Q

How is estrogen produced in ovaries?

A

androstenedione is produced in ovarian theca and then transferred to adjacent granulosa cells for estradiol synthesis

17
Q

C19 steroids

A

DHEA and DHEA-S

18
Q

Absent in placenta that’s why it can’t convert C21 steroids to C19 steroids?

A

17-hydroxylase

19
Q

4 enzymes for placental conversion of C19 steroids to estradiol.

A

STS (dheas to dhea), 3HSD (dhea to androstenedione) , CYP19 (androstenedione to estrone), 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (estrone to estradiol)

20
Q

Roles of estrogen (5)

A
  1. progesterone production
  2. increases blood volume
  3. vasodilatory effects
  4. mammary gland development
  5. fetal adrenal gland function
21
Q

where is hCG produced?

A

almost exclusively in the placenta BUT ALSO IN FETAL KIDNEY

22
Q

With highest carbohydrate content of any human hormone.

A

hCG (30%)

23
Q

Effect of terminal sialic acid on hCG

A

protects hCG from catabolism

24
Q

hCG is structurally related to which 3 other glycoprotein hormones?

A

LH, FSH and TSH

25
Q

When is hCG molecule detectable in plasma of pregnant women?

A

7-9 days after LH surge that precedes ovulation

26
Q

When is maximal level (100,000 IU/L) in maternal circulation is reached?

A

8-10 weeks of gestation

27
Q

Functions of hCG (5)

A
  1. fetal testicular testosterone production
  2. stimulation of maternal thyroid activity
  3. promotion of relaxin secretion
  4. uterine vascular vasodilation
  5. myometrial smooth muscle relaxation
28
Q

Events with lower hCG plasma levels (2)

A
  1. early pregnancy wastage

2. ectopic pregnancy

29
Q

Events with high hCG plasma levels (4)

A
  1. multifetal pregnancy
  2. erythroblastosis
  3. gestational trophoblastic disease
  4. trisomy 21
30
Q

Level of hCG when a gestational sac could be seen on transvaginal untrasound in viable pregnancies.

A

1000-1500 mIU/mL

31
Q

Hormone produced in greatest amount by a pregnant woman near term, and amount.

A

hPL (1g/day)

32
Q

Functions of hPL (4)

A
  1. maternal lipolysis
  2. anti-insulin (BUT DOES NOT INHIBIT INSULIN SECRETION)
  3. angiogenesis (fetal vasculature)
  4. mobilize lipids as free fatty acids

(Base results of fasting and feeding in these 4, so memorize by heart)

33
Q

Stimulates release of placental ACTH

A

CRH (placental corticotropin-releasing hormone)

34
Q

Where can relaxin be found? Function?

A

Corpus luteum, decidua and placenta

35
Q

Enumerate 4 hypothalamic-like releasing hormones

A

GnRH, TRH, CRH, GHRH

36
Q

Enumerate the 4 placental peptide hormones

A

Leptin, Neuopeptide Y, Inhibin and Activin

37
Q

Synthesis of Neuropeptide Y occurs in, function of neuropeptide Y

A

cytotrophoblast, CRH release

38
Q

Anti-obesity hormone

A

Leptin

HD 201 (3 decks)

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