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HD 201 > Hormonal Influence of Male and Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Hormonal Influence of Male and Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Defined by presence of testes in males and ovaries in females

A

Gonadal sex

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2
Q

Defined by presence of sex chromosomes

A

Genetic sex

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3
Q

Defined by presence of either male or female exernal genitalia

A

Phenotypic sex

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4
Q

Dependent on prenatal exposure to androgens, sex assigment at birth, parental rearing cues, social recognition

A

Gender identity

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5
Q

When can fetal sex be determined by untrasound?

A

16th to 20th week

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6
Q

Gene that determines maleness and location

A

SRY gene, on short arm of Y chromosome

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7
Q

When do the indifferent gonads differentiate into testes? In the presence of what protein?

A

about 6th week, In the presence of TDF (testis determining factor)

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8
Q

Causes DNA bending/conformational change which exposes genes for maleness

A

TDF (testis determining factor)

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9
Q

Cells that produce testosterone

A

Leydig cells

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10
Q

Produces anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) or mullerian inhibiting hormone, function of AMH

A

Sertoli cells, causes ipsilateral regression of mullerian duct

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11
Q

Function of testosterone

A

Development of ipsilateral wolffian duct into male internal genitalia

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12
Q

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is synthesized from _____ by ______. And its function is ______.

A

testosterone, 5-alpha-reductase, it transforms genital tubercle into male external genitalia and the urogenital sinus into urethra and prostate

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13
Q

Arrange the ff. according to order of development (earliest to latest): a. external genitalia, urethra and prostate, b. internal genitalia, c. pubic hair, d. growth spurt

A

B C A D

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14
Q

Absence of DHT

A

labia minora and majora develop from genital tubercle

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15
Q

Absence of MIH

A

mullerian duct develop into uterus

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16
Q

Absence of TDF

A

Development of ovaries

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17
Q

From what structure does penile urethra, corpora spongiosa and labia minora originate?

A

Genital folds

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18
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

OX females (absence of MIH and testosterone - mullerian duct development, female external genitalia and wolffian duct regression - no secondary sex characteristics)

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19
Q

Kleinfelter’s syndrome

A

XXY males (deficient spermatogenesis and seminiferous tubule, mullerian duct is regressed and wolffian duct is developed, mental retardation)

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20
Q

XY males without (or with deficient) androgen receptors

A

No wolffian duct derivatives, DHT present but with female external genitalia

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21
Q

XY males without (or deficient) 5-alpha reductase

A

DHT present (because deficient lang ang 5-alpha reductase) but female external genitalia

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22
Q

Clitorimegaly/ambiguous external genitalia is a symptom of

A

XX females exposed to androgens, lack of 21 or 17 hydroxylase (so hindi nacoconvert sa mineralo- or glucocorticoid ‘yung precursors, nagiging androgens tuloy sila)

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23
Q

Cholesterol > pregnonelone > ______

A

aldosterone

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24
Q

Cholesterol > pregnonelone > 17 OH preg >_____

25
Q

Cholesterol > pregnonelone > 17 OH preg > DHEA > (5 reductase)

A

testosterone (process occurs in leydig cells)

26
Q

Cholesterol > pregnonelone > 17 OH preg > DHEA > testosterone > (aromatase)

27
Q

An organ with 5-alpha-reductase which converts testosterone to DHT

28
Q

Sertoli cellls produce _____ as a response to _____ stimulation.

A

inhibin, FSH

29
Q

Leydig cells produce ______ as a response to _______ stimulation.

A

testosterone, LH

30
Q

T/F, endometriosis (presence of endometrium in many different areas that shed with the endometrium in uterus during menstruation) can be treated by giving excess GnRH

A

T, excess GnRH causes LH/FSH to lower so menstrual cycle won’t occur

31
Q

Breast development

32
Q

When does growth stop?

A

2 years after menarche

33
Q

Which is higher FSH or LH during: childhood, puberty, reproductive years, senescence

A

FSH>LH, LH>FSH, LH>FSH, FSH>LH

34
Q

Theca cells/layers originate from:

A

stromal cells

35
Q

At what stage of oocyte development does the zona pellucida appea?

A

stage 2 (growing preantral follicle)

36
Q

T/F zona pellucide is made up of granulosa cells.

A

F, it is made up of mucopolysaccharides

37
Q

Phases of menstrual cycles and time period

A
  1. follicular (day 1-13), 2. ovulatory (day 14-17), 3. luteal (day 15-28)
38
Q

True or false, there are LH and FSH receptors in theca cells

A

False, only LH in theca cells while both LH and FSH in granulosa cells

39
Q

LH and FSH surge (FSH surge in particular) causes _______ which causes the breakdown of follicular wall and expulsion of ova?

A

increased production of plasmin and prostaglandin

40
Q

Lifespan of corpus luteum in non-pregnant women.

A

14 days (kaya nga nagkakamenstruation 14 days after ovulation/formation of corpus luteum kasi nawawala na siya by that time)

41
Q

Function of inhibin

A

inhibit FSH release of pituitary thereby inhibiting ovulation during pregnancy

42
Q

Total number of oocytes that can undergo ovulation?

43
Q

3 phases of endometrial changes and time period

A
  1. menstrual (days 1-4), 2. proliferative (days 5-14), 3. secretory (days 15-28)
44
Q

Peak of progesterone

45
Q

Peak of estrogen

46
Q

Endometrial phase when mucus secretion is elastic and there is a increase in fallopian tube cilia and secretions.

A

proliferatvie

47
Q

As a result of testosterone increase what changes happen in cholesterol in males?

A

high VLDL and LDL, low HDL (reason why men can get heart attack earlier than women)

48
Q

T/F, steroidogenesis requires LH only while spermatogenesis requires LH and FSH

49
Q

How many sperm is produced daily?

50
Q

Length of spermatogenesis

A

around 72 days, 16 days for each new wave

51
Q

Production of daughter spermatogonia by spermatogonia in basal membrane

A

spermatocytogenesis

52
Q

Extrusion of spermatozoa into lumen

A

Spermiation

53
Q

spermatids to spermatozoa

A

spermiogenesis

54
Q

Define: Spermiogenesis, spermiation, spermatocytogenesis, spermatogenesis

A

Definitions to follow

55
Q

Sertoli cells are connected by tight junctions that compartmentalize the tubules and prevent passage of sperm products and other antigens to blood vessels that can cause immune reactions

A

blood testes barrier

56
Q

Secretes mullerian inhibiting hormone

A

sertoli (maraming sinesecrete ang sertoli, nasa page 8)

57
Q

Receptors of sertoli cells

A

FHS receptor and androgen receptor (testosterone produced in leydig cell binds to androgen binding protein produced by sertoli cell before being released into lumen to seminiferous tubule)

58
Q

Secretions: a. prostate, b. seminal vesicles, c. bulbourethral glands

A

a. 1/3 citrate, calcium, zinc, and acid phosphatase (to neutralize acidity of vagina), b. 2/3 fructose(for nutrition) and prostaglandins (for uterine and oviducts contractions) c. (very small amount) mucus (lubricant)

59
Q

Normal sperm (4)

A
  1. at least 20M per mL
  2. 60% morphologically normal
  3. grade 3 motility and movement toward right direction
  4. ejaculate vol. of 2-6 mL

HD 201 (3 decks)

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