Hormonal Influence of Male and Female Reproductive System

Question 1

Defined by presence of testes in males and ovaries in females

Answer 1

Gonadal sex

Question 2

Defined by presence of sex chromosomes

Answer 2

Genetic sex

Question 3

Defined by presence of either male or female exernal genitalia

Answer 3

Phenotypic sex

Question 4

Dependent on prenatal exposure to androgens, sex assigment at birth, parental rearing cues, social recognition

Answer 4

Gender identity

Question 5

When can fetal sex be determined by untrasound?

Answer 5

16th to 20th week

Question 6

Gene that determines maleness and location

Answer 6

SRY gene, on short arm of Y chromosome

Question 7

When do the indifferent gonads differentiate into testes? In the presence of what protein?

Answer 7

about 6th week, In the presence of TDF (testis determining factor)

Question 8

Causes DNA bending/conformational change which exposes genes for maleness

Answer 8

TDF (testis determining factor)

Question 9

Cells that produce testosterone

Answer 9

Leydig cells

Question 10

Produces anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) or mullerian inhibiting hormone, function of AMH

Answer 10

Sertoli cells, causes ipsilateral regression of mullerian duct

Question 11

Function of testosterone

Answer 11

Development of ipsilateral wolffian duct into male internal genitalia

Question 12

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is synthesized from _____ by ______. And its function is ______.

Answer 12

testosterone, 5-alpha-reductase, it transforms genital tubercle into male external genitalia and the urogenital sinus into urethra and prostate

Question 13

Arrange the ff. according to order of development (earliest to latest): a. external genitalia, urethra and prostate, b. internal genitalia, c. pubic hair, d. growth spurt

Answer 13

B C A D

Question 14

Absence of DHT

Answer 14

labia minora and majora develop from genital tubercle

Question 15

Absence of MIH

Answer 15

mullerian duct develop into uterus

Question 16

Absence of TDF

Answer 16

Development of ovaries

Question 17

From what structure does penile urethra, corpora spongiosa and labia minora originate?

Answer 17

Genital folds

Question 18

Turner’s syndrome

Answer 18

OX females (absence of MIH and testosterone - mullerian duct development, female external genitalia and wolffian duct regression - no secondary sex characteristics)

Question 19

Kleinfelter’s syndrome

Answer 19

XXY males (deficient spermatogenesis and seminiferous tubule, mullerian duct is regressed and wolffian duct is developed, mental retardation)

Question 20

XY males without (or with deficient) androgen receptors

Answer 20

No wolffian duct derivatives, DHT present but with female external genitalia

Question 21

XY males without (or deficient) 5-alpha reductase

Answer 21

DHT present (because deficient lang ang 5-alpha reductase) but female external genitalia

Question 22

Clitorimegaly/ambiguous external genitalia is a symptom of

Answer 22

XX females exposed to androgens, lack of 21 or 17 hydroxylase (so hindi nacoconvert sa mineralo- or glucocorticoid ‘yung precursors, nagiging androgens tuloy sila)

Question 23

Cholesterol > pregnonelone > ______

Answer 23

aldosterone

Question 24

Cholesterol > pregnonelone > 17 OH preg >_____

Answer 24

cortisol

Question 25

Cholesterol > pregnonelone > 17 OH preg > DHEA > (5 reductase)

Answer 25

testosterone (process occurs in leydig cells)

Question 26

Cholesterol > pregnonelone > 17 OH preg > DHEA > testosterone > (aromatase)

Answer 26

estradiol

Question 27

An organ with 5-alpha-reductase which converts testosterone to DHT

Answer 27

prostate

Question 28

Sertoli cellls produce _____ as a response to _____ stimulation.

Answer 28

inhibin, FSH

Question 29

Leydig cells produce ______ as a response to _______ stimulation.

Answer 29

testosterone, LH

Question 30

T/F, endometriosis (presence of endometrium in many different areas that shed with the endometrium in uterus during menstruation) can be treated by giving excess GnRH

Answer 30

T, excess GnRH causes LH/FSH to lower so menstrual cycle won't occur

Question 31

Breast development

Answer 31

thenarche

Question 32

When does growth stop?

Answer 32

2 years after menarche

Question 33

Which is higher FSH or LH during: childhood, puberty, reproductive years, senescence

Answer 33

FSH>LH, LH>FSH, LH>FSH, FSH>LH

Question 34

Theca cells/layers originate from:

Answer 34

stromal cells

Question 35

At what stage of oocyte development does the zona pellucida appea?

Answer 35

stage 2 (growing preantral follicle)

Question 36

T/F zona pellucide is made up of granulosa cells.

Answer 36

F, it is made up of mucopolysaccharides

Question 37

Phases of menstrual cycles and time period

Answer 37

1. follicular (day 1-13), 2. ovulatory (day 14-17), 3. luteal (day 15-28)

Question 38

True or false, there are LH and FSH receptors in theca cells

Answer 38

False, only LH in theca cells while both LH and FSH in granulosa cells

Question 39

LH and FSH surge (FSH surge in particular) causes _______ which causes the breakdown of follicular wall and expulsion of ova?

Answer 39

increased production of plasmin and prostaglandin

Question 40

Lifespan of corpus luteum in non-pregnant women.

Answer 40

14 days (kaya nga nagkakamenstruation 14 days after ovulation/formation of corpus luteum kasi nawawala na siya by that time)

Question 41

Function of inhibin

Answer 41

inhibit FSH release of pituitary thereby inhibiting ovulation during pregnancy

Question 42

Total number of oocytes that can undergo ovulation?

Answer 42

500

Question 43

3 phases of endometrial changes and time period

Answer 43

1. menstrual (days 1-4), 2. proliferative (days 5-14), 3. secretory (days 15-28)

Question 44

Peak of progesterone

Answer 44

day 21

Question 45

Peak of estrogen

Answer 45

day 12

Question 46

Endometrial phase when mucus secretion is elastic and there is a increase in fallopian tube cilia and secretions.

Answer 46

proliferatvie

Question 47

As a result of testosterone increase what changes happen in cholesterol in males?

Answer 47

high VLDL and LDL, low HDL (reason why men can get heart attack earlier than women)

Question 48

T/F, steroidogenesis requires LH only while spermatogenesis requires LH and FSH

Answer 48

T

Question 49

How many sperm is produced daily?

Answer 49

100-200M

Question 50

Length of spermatogenesis

Answer 50

around 72 days, 16 days for each new wave

Question 51

Production of daughter spermatogonia by spermatogonia in basal membrane

Answer 51

spermatocytogenesis

Question 52

Extrusion of spermatozoa into lumen

Answer 52

Spermiation

Question 53

spermatids to spermatozoa

Answer 53

spermiogenesis

Question 54

Define: Spermiogenesis, spermiation, spermatocytogenesis, spermatogenesis

Answer 54

Definitions to follow

Question 55

Sertoli cells are connected by tight junctions that compartmentalize the tubules and prevent passage of sperm products and other antigens to blood vessels that can cause immune reactions

Answer 55

blood testes barrier

Question 56

Secretes mullerian inhibiting hormone

Answer 56

sertoli (maraming sinesecrete ang sertoli, nasa page 8)

Question 57

Receptors of sertoli cells

Answer 57

FHS receptor and androgen receptor (testosterone produced in leydig cell binds to androgen binding protein produced by sertoli cell before being released into lumen to seminiferous tubule)

Question 58

Secretions: a. prostate, b. seminal vesicles, c. bulbourethral glands

Answer 58

a. 1/3 citrate, calcium, zinc, and acid phosphatase (to neutralize acidity of vagina), b. 2/3 fructose(for nutrition) and prostaglandins (for uterine and oviducts contractions) c. (very small amount) mucus (lubricant)

Question 59

Normal sperm (4)

Answer 59

1. at least 20M per mL 2. 60% morphologically normal 3. grade 3 motility and movement toward right direction 4. ejaculate vol. of 2-6 mL