Placement notes Flashcards
What is the anterior chamber of the eye?
between cornea and iris
What is the posterior chamber of the eye?
space between iris and vitreous, occupied by the lens
What is the posterior segment of the eye?
vitreous and behind
What is the anterior segment of the eye?
in front of the vitreous, contains anterior and posterior chambers
What is the central retinal artery a branch of?
branch of ophthalmic artery which is a branch of the internal carotid artery
What is the limbus of the eye?
junction of cornea and sclera
stem cells are here
What measures of visual acuity can be used if acuity is less than 6/60?
CF = counting fingers
HM = hand movements
LP = light perception
NPL = no perception of light (blind)
When will pinhole improve visual acuity?
when the issue is refractive error
What can cause RAPD?
pre-chiasmic lesions:
- GCA - ischaemic optic neuropathy
- optic neuritis
- compressive lesion
lesion on large part of retina:
- retinal detachment
- CRAO
- ischaemic retinal vein occlusion
cataracts and vitreous haemorrhage DO NOT cause RAPD
What is keratoconus?
steep corneal curvature
What can cause nodules on the iris?
neurofibromatosis type 1
What is used to examine the anterior segment?
slit lamp
What is used to examine the posterior segment?
ophthalmoscope/slit lamp with super field lens
Name and describe the 3 types of cataracts
nucleus sclerosis = cataract in middle of lens, slow to progress
posterior subcapsular cataract = cataract at back of lens
cortical cataract = cataract at edges of lens, sparing the centre
What surgery is performed to treat cataract?
phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implant
What 3 criteria can be used to diagnose glaucoma?
raised IOP
cupping of the optic disc
visual field defect
What glaucoma drugs are aqueous suppressants?
beta blockers eg. timolol
alpha 2 agonists eg. brimonidine
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors eg. acetazolamide
What glaucoma drugs are outflow facilitators?
prostaglandin analogues eg. latanoprost
cholinergics eg. pilocarpine
Fundus signs of diabetic retinopathy
dot haemorrhage
blot haemorrhage
microaneurysm
exudates
cotton wool spots (ischaemia of retinal nerve fibres)
Types of diabetic retinopathy
non-proliferative
pre-proliferative
proliferative
maculopathy
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy treatment
panretinal photocoagulation
used to kill off peripheries, making oxygen go to central retina to maintain central vision
Causes of sudden painless vision loss
ischaemic optic neuropathy eg. GCA
optic neuritis
vitreous haemorrhage
retinal tear
retinal vascular occlusion
retinal detachment
wet ARMD
GCA with ocular involvement treatment
IV methylprednisolone
What 2 conditions are associated with retinal vein occlusion?
diabetes
hypertension
Wet ARMD treatment
anti-VEGF injections
What can toxoplasmosis cause in the eye?
choroiditis
Where does ocular malignant melanoma arise from?
choroid
What needs to be ruled out in 3rd nerve palsy with pupil involvement?
posterior communicating artery aneurysm (also rule out GCA)
What can cause headache and Horner’s?
internal carotid artery dissection
- stroke risk, refer to stroke team for antiplatelets/anticoagulation
2 red eye red flags
pain
reduction of vision
What is Hutchinson’s sign?
Shingles on tip of nose
VZV on nasociliary nerve
eye involvement likely
Which eye drugs have hyperaemia as a side effect?
bimetoprost
travoprost
brimonidine
Which parts of the eye are affected in anterior uveitis?
iris
ciliary body
Which parts of the eye are affected in posterior uveitis?
choroid
retina
vitreous
optic disc
What muscles ensure binocular eye movement?
yoke muscles
