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Ophthalmology > Placement notes > Flashcards

Placement notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anterior chamber of the eye?

A

between cornea and iris

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2
Q

What is the posterior chamber of the eye?

A

space between iris and vitreous, occupied by the lens

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3
Q

What is the posterior segment of the eye?

A

vitreous and behind

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4
Q

What is the anterior segment of the eye?

A

in front of the vitreous, contains anterior and posterior chambers

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5
Q

What is the central retinal artery a branch of?

A

branch of ophthalmic artery which is a branch of the internal carotid artery

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6
Q

What is the limbus of the eye?

A

junction of cornea and sclera
stem cells are here

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7
Q

What measures of visual acuity can be used if acuity is less than 6/60?

A

CF = counting fingers
HM = hand movements
LP = light perception
NPL = no perception of light (blind)

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8
Q

When will pinhole improve visual acuity?

A

when the issue is refractive error

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9
Q

What can cause RAPD?

A

pre-chiasmic lesions:
- GCA - ischaemic optic neuropathy
- optic neuritis
- compressive lesion

lesion on large part of retina:
- retinal detachment
- CRAO
- ischaemic retinal vein occlusion

cataracts and vitreous haemorrhage DO NOT cause RAPD

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10
Q

What is keratoconus?

A

steep corneal curvature

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11
Q

What can cause nodules on the iris?

A

neurofibromatosis type 1

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12
Q

What is used to examine the anterior segment?

A

slit lamp

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13
Q

What is used to examine the posterior segment?

A

ophthalmoscope/slit lamp with super field lens

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14
Q

Name and describe the 3 types of cataracts

A

nucleus sclerosis = cataract in middle of lens, slow to progress

posterior subcapsular cataract = cataract at back of lens

cortical cataract = cataract at edges of lens, sparing the centre

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15
Q

What surgery is performed to treat cataract?

A

phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implant

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16
Q

What 3 criteria can be used to diagnose glaucoma?

A

raised IOP
cupping of the optic disc
visual field defect

17
Q

What glaucoma drugs are aqueous suppressants?

A

beta blockers eg. timolol
alpha 2 agonists eg. brimonidine
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors eg. acetazolamide

18
Q

What glaucoma drugs are outflow facilitators?

A

prostaglandin analogues eg. latanoprost
cholinergics eg. pilocarpine

19
Q

Fundus signs of diabetic retinopathy

A

dot haemorrhage
blot haemorrhage
microaneurysm
exudates
cotton wool spots (ischaemia of retinal nerve fibres)

20
Q

Types of diabetic retinopathy

A

non-proliferative
pre-proliferative
proliferative
maculopathy

21
Q

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy treatment

A

panretinal photocoagulation

used to kill off peripheries, making oxygen go to central retina to maintain central vision

22
Q

Causes of sudden painless vision loss

A

ischaemic optic neuropathy eg. GCA
optic neuritis
vitreous haemorrhage
retinal tear
retinal vascular occlusion
retinal detachment
wet ARMD

23
Q

GCA with ocular involvement treatment

A

IV methylprednisolone

24
Q

What 2 conditions are associated with retinal vein occlusion?

A

diabetes
hypertension

25
Q

Wet ARMD treatment

A

anti-VEGF injections

26
Q

What can toxoplasmosis cause in the eye?

A

choroiditis

27
Q

Where does ocular malignant melanoma arise from?

A

choroid

28
Q

What needs to be ruled out in 3rd nerve palsy with pupil involvement?

A

posterior communicating artery aneurysm (also rule out GCA)

29
Q

What can cause headache and Horner’s?

A

internal carotid artery dissection

  • stroke risk, refer to stroke team for antiplatelets/anticoagulation
30
Q

2 red eye red flags

A

pain
reduction of vision

31
Q

What is Hutchinson’s sign?

A

Shingles on tip of nose
VZV on nasociliary nerve
eye involvement likely

32
Q

Which eye drugs have hyperaemia as a side effect?

A

bimetoprost
travoprost
brimonidine

33
Q

Which parts of the eye are affected in anterior uveitis?

A

iris
ciliary body

34
Q

Which parts of the eye are affected in posterior uveitis?

A

choroid
retina
vitreous
optic disc

35
Q

What muscles ensure binocular eye movement?

A

yoke muscles

Ophthalmology (10 decks)

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