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BIOL 200 > PL5 > Flashcards

PL5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gene

A

The entire nucleic acid sequence that is necessary for the synthesis of a functional product

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2
Q

What can genes be considered as

A

Transcription units

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3
Q

What do the exons of a gene contain

A

The coding region or open reading frame

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4
Q

What are control regions, what do they do and where are they found

A

They are the promoter and cis-regulatory factors and they drive expression of the gene, found upstream of introns and exons

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5
Q

What are introns

A

They separate the exons and are spliced out during mRNA processing

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6
Q

What do proteins with similar functions often contain

A

Similar amino acid sequences that encode functional domains

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7
Q

What is the difference in genome size among species due to

A

Different amount fo non-coding DNS and transposable elements

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8
Q

Is gene density higher or lower in lower eukaryotes than in more complex eukaryotes and why

A

Greater because our genome is much bigger

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9
Q

What does comparison or related protein sequences from different species illuminate

A

Evolutionary relationships

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10
Q

What are orthologs

A

The same protein in different species

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11
Q

What are paralogs

A

Closely related proteins in the same species

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12
Q

What are the two possible characteristics of protein coding genes

A

They may be solitary or belong to a gene family

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13
Q

What makes up a gene family

A

A set of related genes formed by duplication of an original single copy gene

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14
Q

What are examples of a simple-sequence repeat

A

Micro satellite DNA and mini satellite DNA

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15
Q

Where is microsatellite DNA sometimes found

A

In transcription units

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16
Q

What happens when microsatellite DNA expands past a certain length

A

It can cause pathogenic diseases

17
Q

How can short repeated sequences be generated in microsatellite DNA

A

By backward slippage during replication caused by DNA polymerase meaning there is a repeated domain

18
Q

What is larger, mini satellite DNA or microsatellite DNA

A

Mini

19
Q

Where is minisatellite DNA often found

A

In cetromeres and telomeres (structural components of chromosomes)

20
Q

Where is much simple sequence DNA localized

A

In particular regions or chromosomes

21
Q

Why can transposable DNA elements be called mobile

A

They have the ability to move within genomes by different mechanisms depending on the element

22
Q

What have mobile DNA elements influenced and what can they cause

A

Evolution

Mutations leading to disease

23
Q

What are the two major classes of transposons

A

DNA transposon (3%) and retrotransposon (40%)

24
Q

What is the difference between the DNA transposons and retrotransposons

A

DT: Cut and paste, replication only

T: goes through and RNA intermediate

25
Q

What happens if a transposon moves from a region that has replicated to one that has not (jumps replication fork)

A

The copy number will increase by one in the daughter chromosomes

26
Q

What is the function of the LTR retrotransposon

A

Protein coding region encodes reverse transcriptase, integrate and other proteins

27
Q

What is simpler, generation of retroviral genomic RNA from integrated retroviral DNA or the other way around

A

First one

28
Q

What are LINEs

A

Non-viral DNA retrotransposons

29
Q

What are the two coding regions of LINEs and what do they encode

A

ORF1= RNA binding protein
ORF 2= Encodes a protein that is both a reverse transcriptase and a DNA nucleuses

30
Q

What happens when recombination between repeated elements shuffle exons

A

Produce new genes with new combinations of existing exons

31
Q

What facilitates the crossover of info

A

Alu

32
Q

What can DNA transposons and LINEs carry

A

Unrelated flanking sequences with them when they move

BIOL 200 (13 decks)

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