KH1

Question 1

What kind of biopolymers are DNA, RNA and protein

Answer 1

Informational

Question 2

What are polymers

Answer 2

Covalent bond-linked chain of monomers

Question 3

What part of informational polymers is the information

Answer 3

The order of different kinds of monomers in the polymer chain (the sequence)

Question 4

What is the common generic structure of the informational bio polymer monomers

Answer 4

1. A common element Jared by all the different monomers
2. A characteristic element that makes each monomer different from the others

Question 5

How do the common elements form the polymer backbone

Answer 5

By covalent bonding between monomers

Question 6

Difference between having one vs two joining sites

Answer 6

One: after two monomer units have joined, no further chain growth
Two: joining sites exposed at ends, further chain growth possible

Question 7

Difference between 1, 2 and 3 joining sites

Answer 7

1 and 2: linear
3: branched polymers

Question 8

What kind of branching do information biopolymers have

Answer 8

Linear (never branched)

Question 9

Why are informational biopolymers branched the way they are

Answer 9

Packing and handling DNA is more efficient to put in chromosomes

Question 10

What kind of monomers make up informational biopolymers

Answer 10

Asymmetric monomers

Question 11

What are asymmetric monomers

Answer 11

Two joining sites per monomer but the two sites are different

Question 12

What direction is polymer growth

Answer 12

Unidirectional (only at one end)

Question 13

What are the two major types of informational biopolymers monomer units

Answer 13

Nucleotides and amino acids

Question 14

What is the polymer of nucleotides

Answer 14

Nuclei acids, dna, rna

Question 15

What is the polymer of amino acids

Answer 15

Protein

Question 16

What is the characteristic element of a nucleotide

Answer 16

A heterocyclic base

Question 17

What is the common element of a nucleotide

Answer 17

Penrose sugar phosphate (forms the polymer backbone) a 5 carbon sugar

Question 18

What are the two joining sites on the common element

Answer 18

1. The 5’ phosphate (negative charge)
2. 3’ OH hydroxyl

Question 19

Which end is nuclei acid polymer growth by addition of monomers always in

Answer 19

3’ end

Question 20

Difference between DNA and RNA

Answer 20

Pentose sugar: deoxyribose sugar is missing the 2’ hydroxyl of ribose (RNA has OH DNA has H)

Question 21

What does heterocyclic bases of nucleotides refer to

Answer 21

Rings with nitrogen and carbon

Question 22

What are the heterocyclic bases joined to in nucleotides

Answer 22

Pentose sugar

Question 23

How many rings do purines have

Answer 23

Two

Question 24

How many rings do pyramiding have

Answer 24

One

Question 25

Why does the presence of T instead of U in DNA make some chemical damage easier to repair

Answer 25

Because of the methyl group present on T

Question 26

What is the link between adjacent nucleotides called

Answer 26

Phosphodiester bond

Question 27

What is the characteristic element in an amino acid

Answer 27

Amino acid side chain R

Question 28

What is the common element the forms the polymer backbone of an amino acid

Answer 28

Carbon linked to a COOH (carboxyl) group and an NH2 (amino) group

Question 29

What are the two joining sites on the common element of an amino acid

Answer 29

Amino and carboxyl group

Question 30

Protein polymer growth is always by addition of monomers to which end of the common element

Answer 30

Carboxyl end

Question 31

What are the chemical properties that define the three main classes of amino acid

Answer 31

Hydrophobic (8) hydrophilic (9) special (3)

Question 32

What is the link between adjacent amino acids called

Answer 32

Peptide bond

Question 33

What must monomers be in order to be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain

Answer 33

Energized in the form of high energy nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs)

Question 34

What happens to the structure of NTPs when they are incorporated into a growing nuclei acid chain

Answer 34

Outer two phosphates are knocked out

Question 35

Can energized monomers join a growing chain by themselves

Answer 35

No, linkage reaction must be catalyze by a specific enzyme

Question 36

How is the enzyme directed to incorporate the right monomer

Answer 36

It’s associated with a template biopolymer

Question 37

Difference between the chains of proteins, RNA and DNA

Answer 37

RNA and protein are single stranded but DNA is double stranded

Question 38

How are DNA strands held together

Answer 38

By H-bonds between complementary bases

Question 39

What is the relationship between the two strands of DNA

Answer 39

They are anti parallel

Question 40

What is on the outside and inside of DNA

Answer 40

Out: sugar-phosphate backbone In: base pairs stacked

Question 41

How do DNA binding proteins make contact with base pairs

Answer 41

At the major or minor grooves (no need to separate strands)

Question 42

What processes require strands of DNA to be separated

Answer 42

Replication and transcription

Question 43

What is DNA held together by

Answer 43

Weak H-bonds

Question 44

What happens when H bonds in DNA are broken

Answer 44

DNA strands separate

Question 45

What is DNA strand separation also referred to

Answer 45

Melting and denaturation

Question 46

What is renaturation

Answer 46

Process where DNA strands can accurately re-form base paired duplex DNA by formation of H-bonds between complementary base-pair sequences

Question 47

What is Tm

Answer 47

The temperature at which the DNA is one-half melted

Question 48

What does the Tm of DNA depend on

Answer 48

Base composition (A has to H bonds to T whereas G and C have 3, takes less energy to separate A and T)