PK, PD, Genomics Flashcards

1
Q

Sources of variability drug exposure

A
renal/hepatic function 
gastric ph 
drug-drug interactions 
drug metabolism polymorphisms
medication compliance
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2
Q

sources of variability drug response

A

placebo effect
drug receptor or enzyme polymorphisms
tolerance, tacyphylaxis
gender, race,

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3
Q

Variables Determining Drug Response

A

affinity for site of action (phamacodynamics) x Drug concentration at site of action (pharmacokinetics) x underlying biology of patient (genetics, age, disease, enviornment)

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4
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

what the drug does to the body

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5
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

what the body does to the drug

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6
Q

PD concepts

A

• Dose response curve (potency, slope, efficacy, variability)
• Receptor mechanisms (agonist, antagonist, partial agonist)
• Therapeutic index (median effective dose “ED50”, median
lethal dose “LD50”

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7
Q

Dose-Response Cure

A

• Helps illustrate the relationship between the dose administered and the
degree of response it produces
• Usually an “S” shape when plot log dose vs intensity of effect
• Can help estimate response and safety, or compare profiles of drugs

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8
Q

Many (not all!) drugs exert

A

t their pharmacologic actions via receptormediated mechanisms

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9
Q

Agonist =

A

substance that interacts with a receptor and produces an
effect
- Indirect (Do not bind directly to a receptor. Affect formation,
release, inactivation, or reuptake of a neurotransmitter.)
- Direct

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10
Q

Antagonist =

A

substance that interacts with a receptor, but has no action

of its own. Prevents agonists, such as neurotransmitters, from acting.

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11
Q

Agonist are not

A

as perfect as a fit. It will interact with a receptor but not all sub types

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12
Q

Most perfect fit is the

A

hormone or neurotransmitter these interact with all subtypes.

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13
Q

Neurotransmitter Dopamine (DA) – a

A

D2 agonist

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14
Q

Aripiprazole (APZ) – a

A

D2 partial agonist

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15
Q

First Generation Antipsychotic (FGA) – a

A

D2 antagonist

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16
Q

Overall effect of a

partial agonist may be as a

A
“functional” agonist or
“functional” antagonist
depending on surrounding
levels of naturally occurring
neurotransmitter
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17
Q

increase in dopamine is related to

A

positive symptoms

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18
Q

decrease in dopamine related to

A

negative symptoms

19
Q

Median effective dose (ED50)

A

Dose that would produce a therapeutic

response in 50% of the population

20
Q

Median lethal dose (LD50)

A

Dose that would be lethal in

= LD50 50% of the population

21
Q

The study of what happens to a drug in the body after it is administered.

22
Q

PK elements

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

23
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

= LD50/ED50

24
Q

Concentration-Time Curve

A
  • Shows the plasma concentration of a drug over time

* Obtained after administration of a single dose

25
Cmax
maximum concentration (absorption rate = elimination rate)
26
Tmax
the time Cmax happens
27
AUC
Area Under the Curve. Represents overall drug exposure
28
MEC
minimum effective concentration
29
minimum effective concentration
minimum effective concentration
30
Absorption
``` • Process by which a drug moves from its site of administration into the circulatory system (blood) • Key step in drug disposition for all routes of administration – except IV ```
31
Area between MEC and MTC is the
therapeutic range. anything above MTC is toxic or can cause side effects. Anything under MEC may not work.
32
Distribution
• Process by which a drug reversibly leaves the circulatory system and is distributed throughout tissues of the body • Generally not even distribution throughout the entire body • Affected by many factors!
33
example of something that could cause delay in absorption other than route
you eat food
34
Protein Binding
Many drugs interact with and bind to plasma or tissue proteins (ex. albumin) • Protein bound drugs are not pharmacologically active • The less bound a drug is, the more efficiently it can cross cell membranes or diffuse • Does not affect “bioavailability” • Potential source of drug interactions
35
___ are not pharmacologically active
protein bound
36
Unbound drugs are
active and can cause effect. Example is unbound warfarin would result in an increased INR.
37
Metabolism
The process in which drugs are chemically changed to other compounds
38
New substance =
metabolite
39
Metabolites generally
y less active than administered (or “parent”) drug
40
metabolites may be more
active or have a longer duration of | action
41
metabolism sites
Usually occurs in the liver (but can be other sites: lungs, skin, kidney, gut)
42
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)
• Superfamily of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of many drugs • Predominantly in the liver, but also in gut wall • At least 12 different “families” • CYP1, 2, 3 family involved in most drug metabolism • CYP3A4 involved in >60% • Limited amounts of each enzyme in the body • Best levels of evidence for pharmacogenetic clinical utility are with drug metabolism genes and variability in CYP450 activity • Drugs may compete for the same enzyme – may result in drug interactions!
43
Elimination (Metabolism & Excretion)
``` Drugs most often excreted in urine or stool • In addition to kidneys and GI tract, may also involve lungs, skin, breast milk, etc. ```
44
Bioavailability
``` The fraction of administered drug reaching systemic circulation in an unchanged form that can produce an effect • 100% after IV administration • Oral bioavailability depends on the amount absorbed and amount metabolized before reaching systemic circulation (first-pass metabolism) ```