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Biology M Flynn > PK Cell & Methods Of Studying Cells > Flashcards

PK Cell & Methods Of Studying Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell without a nucleus

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2
Q

What is in a bacterial cells that isn’t in a normal eukaryotic cell?

A

Plasmid
Genetic DNA
Flagellum
Slime capsule

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3
Q

What is the function of a slime capsule?

A

Protects the bacterial cell

Allows the cell to adhere to smooth surfaces

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4
Q

What is the function of the flagellum?

A

Uses a propeller like motion to move

A sensory organelle-sensitive to chemical and temperature

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5
Q

What is the cell wall made from in a bacterial cells?

A

Peptidoglycan/murein

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6
Q

What are common features of a virus?

A

Protein coat/capsid
Genetic material
Glycoproteins

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7
Q

What is the function of the protein coat/capsid?

A

Protects the nucleic acid from being digested by enzymes

Provides site and proteins on the surface to allow viron penetration

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8
Q

What is the role of viral attachment proteins?

A

Binds to cell membranes, to then allow the DNA to be inserted into the cell

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9
Q

What are the types of microscopes?

A

Light
Scanning electron
Transmission electron

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10
Q

How does a light/optical microscope work?

A

Uses visible light and magnifying lens to enlarge them
Can only see organelles larger that 0.2 μm
Can magnify up to 2000x

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11
Q

What are the advantages of light/optical microscope?

A 
Cheap
Small
Living and dead samples can be viewed 
Preparation is quick
Unaffected by magnetic fields
No vacuum required
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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of light/optical microscope?

A

Only magnifies up to 2000x
Preparation may distort specimen
Depth of the field is restricted

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13
Q

How does a scanning electron microscope work?

A

It scans the surface with a broad static beam of electrons producing various signals containing information about the topgraphy (shape & features of the surface)
Done in a vacuum chamber

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14
Q

What are the advantages of using a scanning electron microscope?

A

Easy to use
Sample can be seen as a 3D image
Fairly high resolution
Works fast

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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of using a scanning electron microscope?

A

Specimen must be conductive
Preparation could produce artefacts
Expensive
Large Images are black and white

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16
Q

How does a transmission electron microscope work?

A

A focused beam of electrons, using electromagnetic lenses, travels through a vacuum to the sample and scans methodically line by line in a rectangular raster pattern

17
Q

What are the advantages of using a transmission electron microscope?

A

Very powerful magnification
Images are high quality/resolution
Provides information on element and compound structure

18
Q

What are the disadvantages of using a transmission electron microscope?

A 
Large 
Expensive 
Laborious sample preparation 
Potential for artefacts 
Requires specialist training 
Images are black and white
19
Q 
Conversions of:
Millimetres
Micrometers
Nanometers
Picometres
A

10 ^-3
10 ^-6
10 ^-9
10 ^-12

20
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

IAM
I / A x M

I am an iams cat😅

21
Q

What is actual size?

A

What is would be in real life

Quite big in micrometers

22
Q

What is image size?

A

Whatever you can see in front of you

23
Q

How do you prepare a temporary mount microscope slide?

A

Use forceps to handle the sample
Smooth out air bubbles/creases
Add a stain to colour the sample
Add a little water to stick the glass together

24
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

The process of separating different organelles of a cell

25
Q

What happens in cell fractionation?

A

The tissue is cut up and put in a cold, isotonic, buffered solution
Further broken up in a homogeniser
Homogenised tissue is spun in a ultracentrifuge at a low speed for 10mins to force the heaviest organelles to the bottom
The supernatant is transferred to another tube and spun at a higher speed
This is repeated

26
Q

Why is a cold solution used in cell fractionation?

A

To stops enzymes working effectively

27
Q

Why is an isotonic solution used in cell fractionation?

A

Keeping the concentrations the same prevents osmosis which stops cells bursting

28
Q

Why is a buffered solution used in cell fractionation?

A

Keeps the pH the same

29
Q

What is a homogeniser?

A

Like a blender

To break up the cell wall and the cell membrane

30
Q

What are the heaviest to lighter organelles?

A 
Nucleus 
Mitochondria 
Lysosomes 
Endoplasmic reticulum 
Ribosomes
31
Q

What is the supernatant?

A

The liquid left above the solid organelles in a test tube after centrifugation

Biology M Flynn (6 decks)

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