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NUR114 Sexuality > Pizzotti Sexuality 1 - parinaz > Flashcards

Pizzotti Sexuality 1 - parinaz Flashcards

1
Q

What are all seven parts of the vulva?

A

Mons pubis, Labia majora, Labia minora, Clitoris, Vestibules, Skene’s glands, Bartholin’s gland

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2
Q

Which two glands are located in the vulva?

A

Skene’s glands, Bartholin’s glands

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3
Q

What are the three external parts of the Male reproductive organ?

A

Penis (Glans and shaft), Meatus, Scrotum

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4
Q

What are the two parts of the Penis?

A

Glans and shaft

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5
Q

What are the five internal parts of the Male reproductive organ?

A

Testes (including the Spermatic cord), Epididymis, Urethra, Vas deferens, Prostate gland

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6
Q

What are the four steps of a female reproductive system assessment?

A

Before the pelvic and breast examination ask the pt to empty her bladder and undress completely. Drape the pt and only uncover the portion you are examining. Includes the breast, cardiovascular system and abdomen. Inspect the female genitalia last during the head to toe assessment

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7
Q

What are the three items to consider during the male reproductive system assessment?

A

Men are often embarrassed and anxious when the reproductive system is assessed. If an erection occurs during the exam remind the patient that it is normal. Explain each step of the procedure before it is performed.

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8
Q

How often should women have a Pap smear?

A

Begining at 21 years of age every 3 years. During 30 to 65 years of age include a HPV test every 5 years. In case of history of cervical cancer every year for 20 years. Every year if sexually active

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9
Q

What three things should women avoid doing prior to Pap smear?

A

Don’t douche, use vaginal medications or deodorants, or have sex for at least 24 hours before the test

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10
Q

When is the best time to schedule a Pap smear?

A

Should be scheduled between the patient’s menstrual cycle

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11
Q

How often should women between the ages of 21 and 29 get a Pap smear test?

A

Every three years

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12
Q

What can an HPV test identify?

A

Many high-risk types of HPV infections associated with the development of cervical cancer

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13
Q

When should women get tested for HPV?

A

At the time of a Pap for women over 30

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14
Q

What is a cervical biopsy?

A

It is when cervical tissue is removed for cytological studies

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15
Q

What are the four things a patient should be attentive of after a cervical biopsy?

A

Promptly report any bleeding more than normal menstrual bleeding. Report signs of infection: increased pain, foul smelling drainage. Do not douche, use tampons, or have intercourse for two weeks. Keep the perineum clean and dry by using antiseptic rinses and changing pads frequently

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16
Q

What does PSA stand for and what is it?

A

It is a prostate specific antigen test which is used to screen for prostate cancer and to monitor the disease after the treatment.

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17
Q

What is the normal range for PSA test?

A

0 to 2.5

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18
Q

What does a Mammogram determine?

A

Risk for breast cancer

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19
Q

What technically is a Mammogram and what type of tissue is it assessing?

A

It is an Xray of the soft tissue of the breast.

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20
Q

What types of differences does a Mammogram specifically assess?

A

The differences in the density of breast tissue

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21
Q

What are the four benign breast disorders?

A

Fibroadenoma (most commonly found in younger women). FBC aka Fibrocystic Breast Changes. Ductal ectasia. Intraductal papilloma (Fibroid / lump in a duct)

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22
Q

What is the most common benign tumor in women during reproductive years?

A

Fibroadenoma

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23
Q

Is the mass of connective tissue of fibroadenoma attached or unattached to surrounding breast tissue?

A

It is unattached

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24
Q

Name three characteristics of Fibroadenoma tumors

A

Tumors are oval, freely movable, rubbery

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25
Q

Which 3 parts of the breast may be involved in fibrocystic changes of the breast?

A

Lobules, ducts and stromal tissues

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26
Q

Fibrocystic Breast Condition is common in women of which age?

A

In premenopausal women between 20 and 50 years of age

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27
Q

What type of hormonal Imbalance will cause Fibrocystic Breast Condition?

A

An Imbalance in the normal estrogen to progesterone ratio

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28
Q

What are the three symptoms of Fibrocystic Breast Condition?

A

Breast pain, Tender lumps, Swelling (often before menstrual period)

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29
Q

Describe the breast tissue (two main features you assess) in FBC (Fibrocystic Breast Condition)?

A

Fibrosis and Cysts

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30
Q

What is Fibrosis?

A

Fibrosis is made up of connective tissues and is hard and firm

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31
Q

What are cysts?

A

Cysts are fluid filled glandular cells

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32
Q

Name seven medical management strategies for Fibrocystic Breast Condition

A

Analgesics, Limit salt intake before menses, Wear supportive bra at all times, Ice or heat may help, Reduce or eliminate caffeine, Reduce dairy products, Give diuretics

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33
Q

What is ductal ectasia?

A

Benign breast problem of women approaching menopause

34
Q

What causes ductal ectasia?

A

dilation and thickening of collecting ducts in subareolar area

35
Q

What are three characteristics of ductal ectasia?

A

Hard mass, Irregular borders, Tender

36
Q

What are the four main symptoms of ductal ectasia?

A

greenish to brown nipple discharge, enlarged axillary nodes, redness, edema over mass

37
Q

Intraductal papilloma most often occurrence age in women

A

women 40 to 55 years of age

38
Q

What is intraductal papilloma?

A

Benign process in epithelial lining of duct

39
Q

What are the two types of nipple discharge in intraductal papilloma?

A

bloody or serous

40
Q

What is gynecomastia?

A

It is usually a benign condition of breast enlargement in men

41
Q

What can be a reason for gynecomastia in men?

A

It can be a result of a primary cancer

42
Q

Which two primary cancers can cause gynecomastia?

A

lung cancer and testicular cancer

43
Q

What are the two most important causes of gynecomastia?

A

Drugs, Underlying disease that is causing an excess of estrogen

44
Q

What is the cause of breast cancer?

A

There is no single known cause for breast cancer

45
Q

Does cancer of the breast begin with a single transformed cell that grows and multiplies in the epithelial cells that line one or more of the mammary ducts or lobules?

A

Yes

46
Q

What are two broad categories of breast cancer?

A

noninvasive and invasive

47
Q

When the breast cancer is noninvasive?

A

As long as the cancer remains within the duct

48
Q

When the breast cancer is classified as invasive?

A

When it penetrates the tissue surrounding the duct.

49
Q

When does metastasis in breast cancer occur?

A

Metastasis occurs when cancer cells leave the breast via the blood and lymph systems, which permits the spread of these cells to distant sites.

50
Q

In breast cancer what are the four most common sites of metastasis?

A

bone, lung, brain, and liver

51
Q

Which two types of breast cancers are harder to treat?

A

Estrogen and progesterone receptor-negative cancers

52
Q

Why are Estrogen and progesterone receptor-negative cancers harder to treat?

A

Because the drug choices and treatment options are limited as they will not affect the cancer.

53
Q

What are HER2 receptors?

A

Human Epithelial Receptors

54
Q

What are the two signs in the late stages of breast cancer?

A

Dimpling may occur due to shortening of Cooper’s ligaments, Peau d’orange is visible with edema of the breast

55
Q

Why at the late stages of breast cancer dimpling may occur?

A

Due to shortening of Cooper’s ligaments

56
Q

During the late stages of breast cancer, dimpling is caused by which phenomenon?

A

By “Fibrosis” which is the replacement of normal cells with connective tissue and collagen

57
Q

Regarding the topic of screening for breast cancer, what are two negative features of dense breasts?

A

Harder to screen, Cancer is often not caught until later

58
Q

What are the two NONinvasive forms of breast cancers?

A

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)

59
Q

What happens if Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is left untreated?

A

DCIS will become invasive and spread into the breast tissue surrounding the ducts over a period of 10 years.

60
Q

Can we determine which DCIS lesions will progress to invasive cancer?

A

No: Currently there is no way to determine this

61
Q

What does the uncertainty of DCIS lesions cause in women?

A

anxiety and decisional conflict

62
Q

What is lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)?

A

Abnormal cell growth in the lobules

63
Q

In lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) which glands of the breast are affected?

A

Milk producing glands

64
Q

Is lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) a true cancer?

A

It is not a true cancer, but having LCIS increases one’s risk for developing separate breast cancer later.

65
Q

What are the two prophylactic treatment options for lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)?

A

Tamoxifen, Prophylactic mastectomy

66
Q

What are the two invasive forms of breast cancer?

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma, Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)

67
Q

What is the most common type of invasive breast cancer?

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

68
Q

Where does infiltrating ductal carcinoma originate?

A

The disease originates in the mammary ducts and grows in the epithelial cells lining these ducts.

69
Q

What are two characteristics of the lump found in infiltrating ductal carcinoma?

A

It is Irregular, It has poorly defined mass

70
Q

What is the name of the process that occurs when a tumor grows in infiltrating ductal carcinoma?

A

Fibrosis (replacement of normal cells with connective tissue and collagen) develops around the cancer.

71
Q

What happens as a result of fibrosis in infiltrating ductal carcinoma?

A

Shortening of Cooper’s ligaments

72
Q

What three skin changes occur during the advanced stages of infiltrating ductal carcinoma?

A

Typical skin dimpling, Edematous thickening, Pitting of breast skin called peau d’orange (orange peel skin)

73
Q

Which type of breast cancer is rare but highly aggressive?

A

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)

74
Q

What are the three symptoms of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)?

A

Swelling, Skin redness and Pain in the breasts

75
Q

Are there any lumps in the breasts in inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)?

A

No usually no lumps. IBC seldom presents as a palpable lump

76
Q

What is the percentage of breast cancer in men?

A

less than 1% occurance in men

77
Q

As a Screening tool how effective is a monthly self-breast examination (BSE) is effective?

A

It is less emphasized as a screening tool today than it was in the past

78
Q

Why it is recommended for women to do monthly self-breast examination (BSE)?

A

To increase breast self awareness

79
Q

What are the two options for women with high risk of breast cancer?

A

Option 1:Annual breast MRI screening

80
Q

What is the risk of prophylactic mastectomy for women?

A

There is a small risk that breast cancer will develop in residual breast glandular tissue because no mastectomy reliably removes all mammary tissue.

NUR114 Sexuality (5 decks)

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