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Endorine > Pituitary Pathophysiology (5/15) > Flashcards

Pituitary Pathophysiology (5/15) Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause pituitary hypersecretion of a hormone?

A

Only pituitary adenomas

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2
Q

What can cause pituitary hyposecretion of a hormone?

A
  • Any dis of pit or hypothalamus can cause deficiency of any hormone made by the ant pit
  • Only a dis or hypothal or infundibulum can cause a def of vasopressin and thereby cause diabetes insipidus
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3
Q

What happens when you have a deficiency in GH?

A
  • Short if prior to epiphyseal closure
  • Dec muscle mass and inc fat
  • Dec bone mineral density
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4
Q

What happens when you have a deficiency in prolactin?

A

Dec lactation

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5
Q

What happens when you have a deficiency in ACTH?

A

Hypocortisolism

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6
Q

What happens when you have a deficiency in TSH?

A

Hypothyroidism

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7
Q

What happens when you have a deficiency in LH/FSH?

A

Hypogonadism

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8
Q

How do we treat GH def?

A

Somatotropin (synthetic GH) which promotes bone growth in children and improves BMD in adults

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9
Q

What are the cells in the pit that produce peptide hormones? Whats special about them?

A

Somatroph, lactotroph and corticotroph

-Adenomas in these cells tend to produce physiologic effects

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10
Q

What are the cells in the pit that produce glycoprotein hormones? Whats special about them?

A

Gonadotroph, thyrotroph

-Do not cause physiologic effects so they are harder to recognize

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11
Q

What are the clinical syndromes associated with somatotroph adenomas?

A
  • Gigantism (before epiphys closed)

- Acromegaly (after plate closure)

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12
Q

What are the features of acromegaly?

A

Facial: large nose, ears, lips with prominent jaw.
Hands: large with large fingers

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13
Q

What are the consequences of acromegaly?

A
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Colon cancer
  • CVD
  • Diabetes
  • Neuropathy
  • Sleep apnea
  • Inc mortality
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14
Q

How do we diagnose acromegaly?

A

Chemical:

  • Lack of suppression of GH to an oral glucose load
  • Elevated serum IGF-1

Pathologic:

  • Histologic appearance of pit adenoma
  • Immunospecific staining for GH
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15
Q

How do we treat acromegaly?

A
  • Surgically
  • Pharma
  • Radiation
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16
Q

What pharma treatments are there for acromegaly?

A
  • Dopamine agonists (paradoxical effect, dopamine usually causes an inc in GH, here it suppresses it)
  • Somatostatin analogs (inhibit GH release)
  • GH receptor antag
17
Q

How do we measure if treatments are working?

A

Adenoma size and IGF-1 levels

18
Q

What is Pegvisomant?

A

GH receptor antagonist that binds to one part of GHR dimer with higher affinity than GH and prevents normal action of GH throughout the body. It reduces IGF-1 but has no effect on adenoma size, don’t act at level of pituitary (dopamine agonists and somatostatin analogs dec pit size)–>really the only one that wont dec size!

19
Q

What is a lactotroph adenoma?

A

Tumor that makes tons of prolactin

20
Q

What inhibits prolactin release?

A

dopamine

21
Q

What can cause hyperprolactinemia

A

Many things, not just adenoma since DA inhibits its release…it could be a lack of DA, taking DA receptor antag, estrogens, opiates etc

22
Q

Why does lactotroph cause hypogonadism

A

Prolactin inhibits secretion of gonadotropins

23
Q

What are the clinical syndromes from lactotroph adenomas in premenopausal women?

A
  • Amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea

- Galactorrhea

24
Q

What are the clinical syndromes from lactotroph adenomas in post menopausal women

A

-Neurologic symptoms. The first way we discover lactotrph adenoma is usually because of hypogonadism. Post meno women have this already so it will progress and becomes so large that they get neurologic symptoms.

25
Q

What are the clinical syndromes from lactotroph adenomas in men?

A
  • Dec libido
  • Dec fertility (low sperm count)
  • Dec potentcy
26
Q

What are some causes of hyperprolactinemia?

A

Physiologic:

  • preg
  • nurisng
  • exercise
  • phys and psych stress

Pathologic:

  • adenoma
  • doapmine recepor antag
  • catecholamine inhib
  • H2 antag
  • estrogens
  • opiates
27
Q

How do we treat lactotroph adenomas?

A

Dopamine agonists, which inhibit the release of prolactin by lactotroph cells and reduce size of adenoma.

28
Q

What are the clinical syndromes associated with corticotroph adenomas?

A

Cushings syndrome

Neurologic symptoms

29
Q

How do we treat thyrotroph adenoma? What symptoms might they present with?

A
  • Sympt: hyperthyroidism (afib and CHF)

- Treatment: somatostatin analog reduces TSH and dec adenoma size

30
Q

What are the 3 clinical presentations of gonadotroph adenomas?

A
  1. Neurological sympt (most common)
    - visual field impairment (bitemporal hemianopsia)
    - headaches
  2. Incidental findings on MRI (least common)
  3. Hormonal abnormality (uncommon)
    - premature pub in boy
    - ovarian hyperstim in premenopausal woman
31
Q

What are the hormonal abnormalities in gonadotroph adenomas?

A

Basal secretion
-elevated FSH, normal or dec LH

Stimulated secretion
-Intact FSH response to TRH test

32
Q

How do we treat gonadotroph adenomas?

A

Surgery

Endorine (24 decks)

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